| • references | |
| Giltrap NJ (1979) Experimental studies on the establishment and stability of ectomycorrhizas. Diss Univ Sheffield. Iingleby K, Masons PA, Last FT, Fleming LV (1990) Identification of ectomycorrhizas. ITE Research Publication no. 5. HMSO, London. Laiho O (1970) Paxillus involutus as a mycorrhizal symbiont of forest trees. Acta For Fenn 106: 1-72. Mleczko P (1997) Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. + Pinus sylvestris L. Descr Ectomyc 2: 25-70. Turnau K, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F (1993) Paxillus involutus Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizae from heavily polluted forest. I. Element localization using electron energy loss spectroscopy and imaging. Bot Acta 106: 213-219. Turnau K, Kottke I, Dexheimer J (1994) Paxillus involutus/Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizae from heavily polluted forest. II. Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations. Bot Acta 107: 73-80. |
|
| • length | |
| 0 mm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 16 mm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • ramification presence-type | |
| dichotomous | |
| or | coralloid |
| • ramification orders | |
| 0 | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 2 | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • abundance | |
| abundant, dense | |
| • main axis diameter | |
| 0.4 mm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 0.65 mm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance | |
| absent | |
| • rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence | |
| absent | |
| • rhizomorphs presence | |
| present | |
| • rhizomorphs frequency | |
| infrequent | |
| or | abundant |
| • exploration type | |
| long distance | |
| • shape | |
| straight | |
| or | bent |
| or | sinuous |
| or | tortuous |
| • shape {of distal end} | |
| not inflated, cylindric | |
| • length | |
| 0 mm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 2 mm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • diameter | |
| 0.3 mm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 0.7 mm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • colour | |
| brown | |
| or | ochre, yellowish brown |
| or | white |
| • older parts colour | |
| brown | |
| • mantle cortical cells visibility | |
| not visible | |
| • mantle {distinct} surface visibility | |
| present | |
| • mantle transparency | |
| not transparent | |
| • mantle laticifers visibility | |
| absent | |
| • mantle dots presence-colour | |
| absent | |
| • mantle carbonizing presence | |
| absent | |
| • mantle surface {in general} habit | |
| silvery | |
| or | not smooth |
| or | glistening |
| • mantle surface {in detail} kind | |
| loosely woolly | |
| • emanating hyphae presence | |
| present | |
| • emanating hyphae abundance | |
| infrequent | |
| or | abundant |
| • diameter | |
| 0 mm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 0.14 mm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • cross-section shape | |
| round or roundish | |
| • colour | |
| concolourous to mantle | |
| or | brownish |
| • connection to mantle kind | |
| distinct | |
| • origin location | |
| proximal | |
| • margin habit | |
| hairy | |
| • presence | |
| present | |
| • abundance | |
| infrequent | |
| or | abundant |
| • shape | |
| globular | |
| or | elongated |
| • diameter | |
| 0.16 mm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 0.8 mm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 2 mm | Maximum value |
| • colour | |
| dark brown | |
| or | brown |
| or | white |
| • formation location | |
| on the mantle | |
| or | laterally on rhizomorphs |
| • emanating elements presence-type | |
| rhizomorphs | |
| or | cystidia |
| • emanating elements cystidia location | |
| on outer mantle layer | |
| or | on rhizomorphs |
| • blue granules presence | |
| absent | |
| • presence | |
| absent | |
| • organisation | |
| plectenchymatous | |
| • mantle type | |
| hyphae rather irregularly arranged and no special pattern discernible (type B) | |
| and | hyphae arranged net-like, with prominent cystidia (type D) |
| • hyphal system kind | |
| undifferentiated | |
| • septa thickness {relative to cell walls} | |
| as thick as walls | |
| • cell shape | |
| cylindric, not constricted at septa | |
| and | cylindric, constricted at septa |
| • cell pigment location-colour | |
| membranaceously yellowish | |
| • cell contents presence-kind | |
| {in some cells} homogeneous, brownish | |
| • cell diameter | |
| 2.5 µm | Minimum value |
| 3 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 7 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 11 µm | Maximum value |
| • cell length | |
| 8 µm | Minimum value |
| 27 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 100 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • cell wall thickness | |
| 0.2 µm | Mean (= average) |
| • cell wall surface habit | |
| smooth | |
| • drops of exuded pigment presence | |
| absent | |
| • organisation | |
| plectenchymatous | |
| • cell wall thickness | |
| 0.2 µm | Mean (= average) |
| • cell wall surface habit | |
| smooth | |
| • organisation | |
| plectenchymatous | |
| • hyphae arrangement | |
| without pattern | |
| • septa clamps presence | |
| absent | |
| • cell diameter | |
| 2.5 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 6 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 7 µm | Maximum value |
| • cell length | |
| 6 µm | Minimum value |
| 15 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 73 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • mantle thickness {apart from tip} | |
| 10 µm | Minimum value |
| 15 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 78 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 100 µm | Maximum value |
| • mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip} | |
| 30 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 35 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • mantle different layers presence | |
| discernable | |
| • inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length | |
| 2 µm | Minimum value |
| 3 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 15 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 20 µm | Maximum value |
| • inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter | |
| 2 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 7 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length | |
| 2 µm | Minimum value |
| 3 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 30 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 40 µm | Maximum value |
| • unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter | |
| 2.5 µm | Minimum value |
| 3 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 7 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • presence | |
| present | |
| • rows number | |
| 0 | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 1 | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • shape | |
| tangentially-oval, -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis | |
| • tangentially length | |
| 20 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 90 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 108 µm | Maximum value |
| • radially diameter | |
| 7 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 27 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • mean tangenial length TCt | |
| 47.7 µm | Mean (= average) |
| • mean shape-ratio TCq | |
| 2.9 | Mean (= average) |
| • anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape | |
| radially-oval to -elliptic | |
| or | tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis |
| • anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length | |
| 12 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 55 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter | |
| 20 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 55 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 60 µm | Maximum value |
| • anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt) | |
| 27.3 µm | Mean (= average) |
| • anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq) | |
| 0.75 | Mean (= average) |
| • presence | |
| present | |
| • kind | |
| in two rows, not reaching endodermis | |
| • anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around tannin cells thickness | |
| 3 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 6 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 7 µm | Maximum value |
| • anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around tannin cells number | |
| one | |
| or | two |
| • anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness | |
| 2 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 6 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number | |
| one | |
| or | two |
| • structure {in plan view} | |
| of palmetti type | |
| • lobes width | |
| 1.5 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 2 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • intrahyphal hyphae presence | |
| absent | |
| • backwards-oriented ramifications presence | |
| present | |
| • backwards-oriented clamps presence | |
| present | |
| • anastomoses type | |
| open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking | |
| • anastomoses cell wall thickness {relative to remaining cell walls} | |
| as thick as | |
| • anastomoses anastomosal bridge thickness {relative to hyphae} | |
| as thick as | |
| • anastomoses location | |
| not specified | |
| • type | |
| fusiform (type F) | |
| or | globular (type G) |
| • septa presence | |
| absent | |
| • septa kind | |
| absent, with basal clamp only | |
| • diameter {proximal} | |
| 7 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 16 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 18 µm | Maximum value |
| • length | |
| 13 µm | Minimum value |
| 17 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 45 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 55 µm | Maximum value |
| • cell wall thickness | |
| 0.2 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 1 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • cell wall thickness {relative to mantle cells} | |
| similar in thickness | |
| or | thicker |
| • surface habit | |
| smooth | |
| • contents presence | |
| absent | |
| • contents type | |
| absent | |
| • shape | |
| not striking | |
| • drops of exuded pigment presence | |
| absent | |
| • distance {from septum} | |
| adjacent to septum | |
| or | one or two hyphal diam. below the septum |
| • clamps presence | |
| present | |
| • clamps outline {in lateral view} | |
| as a semicircle | |
| or | less than a semicircle |
| or | not constricted at contact point to subtending hyphal cell |
| • clamps width {relative to hypha in lateral view} | |
| thinner than | |
| • clamps hole presence | |
| absent | |
| • clamps blister-like structure {at basis} presence | |
| absent | |
| • presence | |
| absent | |
| or | present |
| • abundance | |
| infrequent | |
| • distribution | |
| not specified | |
| • type | |
| undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter (type B) |
|
| • nodia presence | |
| present | |
| • internal nodia presence | |
| absent | |
| • gelatinous matrix presence | |
| absent | |
| • gelatinized hyphae presence | |
| absent | |
| • cup-like structures on surface presence | |
| absent | |
| • a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence | |
| absent | |
| • contents presence-kind | |
| filled with brownish or yellowish substances | |
| • ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence | |
| absent | |
| • anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind | |
| filled with brownish or yellowish substances | |
| • anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence | |
| absent | |
| • anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind | |
| filled with brownish or yellowish substances | |
| • anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence | |
| absent | |
| • anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind | |
| filled with brownish or yellowish substances | |
| • anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence | |
| absent | |
| • anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind | |
| filled with brownish or yellowish substances | |
| • anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence | |
| absent | |
| • presence | |
| absent | |
| • internal structure organisation | |
| pseudoparenchymatous with roundish cells | |
| • {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence | |
| present | |
| • {of ectomycorrhiza former} abundance | |
| occasionally present | |
| • {of foreign origin} presence | |
| absent | |
| • shape | |
| globular | |
| • septal pores type | |
| as dolipores with perforated parenthesome | |
| • substrate | |
| in organically enriched mineral horizon | |
| • geographic occurrence continent | |
| Europe | |
| • knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence | |
| unknown | |
| • plant family | |
| Pinaceae | |
| • plant genus | |
| Pinus | |
| • plant subgenus-section | |
| two-needle-pines | |
| • plant habitat kind | |
| forests, woods | |
| • family | |
| Paxillaceae | |
| • fruitbodies growth habit | |
| epigeous | |
| or | pileate-lamellate |
| • public notes | |
| Autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter bluish and with dark yellow hyphal contents, with blue-filter light yellowish-ochre and with dark yellow hyphal contents; mantle cells in brillant-cresyl-blue with bluish walls and cytoplasm, in cotton-blue hyphae inside blue. | |