| • references | |
| Alexander IJ (1981) The Picea sitchensis + Lactarius rufus mycorrhizal association and its effects on seedling growth and development. Trans Br Mycol Soc 76(3): 417-423. Ingleby K, Mason PA, Last FT, Fleming LV (1990) Identification of ectomycorrhizas. ITE Research Publication no. 5. HMSO, London. Pachlewski R (1968) Untersuchungen über die Mykorrhiza-Pilze der Fichte Lactarius rufus (Scop. ex Fr.) und Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. et Nordh. unter natürlichen Bedingungen und in Reinkulturen. Prace Inst Bad Les 365: 173-187. |
|
| • length | |
| 0 mm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 15 mm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • ramification presence-type | |
| monopodial-pinnate | |
| • ramification orders | |
| 0 | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 1 | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • main axis diameter | |
| 0 mm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 0.5 mm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance | |
| absent | |
| • rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence | |
| absent | |
| • rhizomorphs presence | |
| present | |
| • rhizomorphs frequency | |
| infrequent | |
| • shape | |
| straight | |
| or | bent |
| or | sinuous |
| or | tortuous |
| • shape {of distal end} | |
| not inflated, cylindric | |
| • length | |
| 1 mm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 5 mm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • diameter | |
| 0.3 mm | Minimum value |
| 0.5 mm | Mean (= average) |
| 0.6 mm | Maximum value |
| • colour | |
| brown | |
| • very tip colour | |
| ochre, yellowish brown | |
| • older parts colour | |
| dark brown | |
| or | red |
| • mantle {distinct} surface visibility | |
| present | |
| • mantle transparency | |
| not transparent | |
| • mantle dots presence-colour | |
| absent | |
| • mantle carbonizing presence | |
| absent | |
| • mantle surface {in general} habit | |
| shiny | |
| • mantle surface {in detail} kind | |
| densely cottony | |
| • emanating hyphae presence | |
| present | |
| • emanating hyphae abundance | |
| infrequent | |
| • diameter | |
| 0.2 mm | Mean (= average) |
| • colour | |
| dark brown | |
| • presence | |
| absent | |
| • presence | |
| absent | |
| or | present |
| • location | |
| inner mantle layer | |
| • shape | |
| straight and even | |
| • cell diameter | |
| 3 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 8 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • organisation | |
| pseudoparenchymatous | |
| • organisation {if pseudoparenchymatous} cell shape | |
| epidermoid, puzzle-like, jig-saw-shaped | |
| • septa thickness {relative to cell walls} | |
| as thick as walls | |
| • septa clamps presence | |
| absent | |
| • cell diameter | |
| 3 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 15 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • cell length | |
| 3 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 15 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • cell density | |
| 6 | Minimum value |
| 8 | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 12 | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • cell wall surface habit | |
| smooth | |
| • organisation | |
| pseudoparenchymatous | |
| • hyphae arrangement | |
| plectenchymatous, without pattern | |
| • cell diameter | |
| 7 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 15 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • cell length | |
| 7 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 15 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • cell wall surface habit | |
| smooth | |
| • organisation | |
| plectenchymatous | |
| • hyphae arrangement | |
| without pattern | |
| • septa clamps presence | |
| absent | |
| • cell diameter | |
| 2 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 4 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • mantle thickness {apart from tip} | |
| 5 µm | Minimum value |
| 15 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 30 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| 50 µm | Maximum value |
| • mantle different layers presence | |
| discernible | |
| • outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length | |
| 5 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 15 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter | |
| 0.5 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 1.5 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length | |
| 5 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 7 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter | |
| 5 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 10 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length | |
| 2 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 3 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter | |
| 2 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 3 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • presence | |
| present | |
| • presence | |
| present | |
| • kind | |
| protruding towards endodermis | |
| • anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness | |
| 1.5 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 5 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • clamps presence | |
| absent | |
| • anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter | |
| 1.5 µm | Minimum value |
| 3 µm | Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known) |
| 4 µm | Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known) |
| • reaction with toluidin blue presence | |
| present | |
| • geographic occurrence continent | |
| Europe | |
| • plant family | |
| Pinaceae | |
| • plant genus | |
| Picea | |
| • plant habitat kind | |
| forests, woods | |
| • family | |
| Russulaceae | |
| • subgenus-section | |
| Lactarius sect. Russulares | |
| • fruitbodies growth habit | |
| epigeous | |
| or | pileate-lamellate |
| • public notes | |
| Mycorrhizae are pale buff when young, changing to dark siena-brown with age; mycorrhizae light brown to bronze coloured, older mycorrhizae brown to rusty-brown; straight to slightly tortuous; in toluidin-blue all mantle features can best be seen. | |