Laccaria tortilis (Bolt.: S. F. Gray) Cooke + Betula

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Literature

• references
  Agerer R (1995) Anatomical characteristics of identified ectomycorrhizas: an attempt towards a natural classification. In Varma AK, Hock B (eds.) Mycorrhiza: Structure, function, molecular biology and biotechnology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 685-734.
Ingleby K, Mason PA, Last FT, Fleming LV (1990) Identification of ectomycorrhizas. ITE Research Publication no. 5. HMSO, London.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system
• length
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
  monopodial-pinnate
or    monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• abundance
  solitary or in small numbers
• main axis diameter
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
  absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
  absent
• rhizomorphs presence
  absent
Morphology of the unramified ends
• colour
  brown
or    white
• very tip colour
  yellowish
or    whitish
• older parts colour
  brown
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
  present
• mantle laticifers visibility
  absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
  absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
  absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
  shiny
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
  densely cottony
or    loosely cottony
• emanating hyphae presence
  present
• emanating hyphae abundance
  abundant
Morphology of sclerotia
• presence
  absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza
Anatomy of laticifers
• presence
  absent
Anatomical features of the mantle
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• mantle type
  hyphae rather irregularly arranged and no special pattern discernible (type B)
• hyphal system kind
  undifferentiated
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell shape
  cylindric, not constricted at septa
• cell diameter
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
  smooth
Anatomy of the middle mantle layer
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
  plectenchymatous, without pattern
• cell diameter
2.5 µm    Minimum value
5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
  smooth
Anatomy of the inner mantle layer
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
  without pattern
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell diameter
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
0 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
25 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section
• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
10 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section
• presence
  present


Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section



Anatomy of the emanating elements in general
Anatomy of cystidia


Anatomy of emanating hyphae
• shape
  wavy
or    irregularly inflated or even beaded


Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae
• clamps presence
  present
• clamps hole presence
  absent

Anatomy of secondary septa of emanating hyphae
• presence
  present
• abundance
  infrequent
• distribution
  not specified

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape
  with ellbow-like protrusions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape {at distal end}
  inflated
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
  smooth
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness at tip {relative to remaining cell wall}
  thinner


Anatomy of rhizomorphs
• type
  lacking, only emanating hyphae present
(type G)

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

Chemical reactions

• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
  present [strongly blue]

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
  Europe

Tree

• plant family
  Betulaceae
• plant genus
  Betula
• plant habitat kind
  nursery

Fungus

• family
  Tricholomataceae
• fruitbodies growth habit
  epigeous
or    pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes
  Mycorrhizal systems with irregularly spaced, short branches; mycorrhizal ends white to fawn when young, darkening with age; young mantle in cotton-blue with strongly stained hyphae.

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