Amanita muscaria (L. : Fr.) Hooker + Betula

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Literature

references
  Cuvelier J-J (1990) Caracterisation des ectomycorhizes de Betula pendula (I): Cortinarius armillatus, Dermocybe phoenicea et Amanita muscaria. Belg J Bot 123(1/2): 73-91.
Ingleby K, Mason PA, Last FT, Fleming LV (1990) Identification of ectomycorrhizas. ITE Res Publ 5. HMSO, London.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system
length
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
ramification presence-type
  monopodial-pinnate
or    monopodial-pyramidal
ramification orders
0     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
abundance
  abundant, dense
main axis diameter
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.6 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
  absent
rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
  absent
rhizomorphs presence
  present
rhizomorphs frequency
  infrequent
exploration type
  medium distance smooth
Morphology of the unramified ends
shape
  bent
or    sinuous
or    tortuous
shape {of distal end}
  not inflated, cylindric
diameter
0.22 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.54 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
colour
  ochre, yellowish brown
or    red
or    white
very tip colour
  white
older parts colour
  brown
or    ochre, yellowish brown
or    orange
or    grey
mantle cortical cells visibility
  not visible
mantle {distinct} surface visibility
  present
mantle transparency
  not transparent
mantle laticifers visibility
  absent
mantle dots presence-colour
  absent
mantle carbonizing presence
  absent
mantle surface {in general} habit
  silvery
or    smooth
mantle surface {in detail} kind
  densely grainy or warty
emanating hyphae presence
  absent
Morphology of rhizomorphs
diameter
0.06 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.3 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
cross-section shape
  round or roundish
colour
  concolourous to mantle
or    brown
or    orange
or    whitish
ramification kind-frequency
  infrequently, at restricted points
origin location
  proximal
margin habit
  smooth
Morphology of sclerotia
presence
  absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza
emanating elements presence-type
  rhizomorphs
or    cystidia
emanating elements cystidia location
  on outer mantle layer
Anatomical features of the mantle
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip
organisation
  plectenchymatous
mantle type
  ring-like arrangement of hyphal bundles (type A)
hyphal system kind
  with rather short, obtuse, even finger-like branches
septa clamps presence
  absent
cell shape
  irregularly inflated or even beaded
cell wall surface habit
  smooth
drops of exuded pigment presence
  absent
Anatomy of the middle mantle layer
organisation
  plectenchymatous
hyphae arrangement
  plectenchymatous, ring-like
Anatomy of the inner mantle layer
organisation
  plectenchymatous
or    plectenchymatous with pseudoparenchymatous nests of cells
hyphae arrangement
  without pattern
septa clamps presence
  absent
cell diameter
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section
mantle thickness {apart from tip}
13.5 µm    Minimum value
24.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
45.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
66 µm    Maximum value
mantle different layers presence
  discernable
outer mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
inner mantle layer organisation
  pseudoparenchymatous
unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
1 µm    Minimum value
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 µm    Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section
tangentially length
4 µm    Minimum value
10.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
24.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
39 µm    Maximum value
radially diameter
22.5 µm    Minimum value
29 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
43.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
59.5 µm    Maximum value

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section
anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section
presence
  present
kind
  periepidermal
or    in two rows, not reaching endodermis
anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  roundish
anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness
2 µm    Minimum value
4 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm    Maximum value
anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
  one
or    two
Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section


Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section
anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  radially-oval to -elliptic
anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
7 µm    Minimum value
12.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
18.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
22.5 µm    Maximum value
anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
20.5 µm    Minimum value
27 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
37 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
43.5 µm    Maximum value

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section
anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2 µm    Minimum value
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
12.5 µm    Maximum value
Anatomy of the emanating elements in general
Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)
type
  fusiform (type F)
or    globular (type G)
septa presence
  absent
or    present
septa kind
  absent, with basal clamp only
or    simple
diameter {proximal}
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
length
0 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
cell wall thickness {relative to mantle cells}
  thicker
surface habit
  smooth
contents presence
  present
contents type
  finely granular

Anatomy of emanating hyphae


Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae
clamps presence
  absent


Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae
anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
0 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)


Anatomy of rhizomorphs
type
  undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter
(type B)

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs
anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  on central and peripheral hyphae
Anatomy of chlamydospores
presence
  absent

Ecology

geographic occurrence continent
  Europe
knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
  known

Tree

plant family
  Betulaceae
plant genus
  Betula
plant habitat kind
  forests, woods

Fungus

family
  Amanitaceae
fruitbodies growth habit
  epigeous
or    pileate-lamellate

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