Russula firmula J. Schaeff. + Pinus

Literature

• references
	Treu R (1990) Charakterisierung und Identifizierung von Ektomykorrhizen aus dem Nationalpark Berchtesgaden. Bibl Mycol 134: 1-196. Treu R (1990) Russula firmula. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 43, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	dichotomous
• main axis diameter
0.4 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.53 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	absent

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.3 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.33 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	yellow
or	orange
• very tip colour
	yellowish
• older parts colour
	brown
or	red
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	smooth

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent
• anatomy entire mycorrhiza laticiferous solitary (gloeoplerous) cells presence
	present

Anatomical features of the mantle

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• organisation {if pseudoparenchymatous} cell shape
	angular
• mantle type
	some cells containing droplets, staining in sulpho-vanillin; shape variable (type N)
and	angular cells bearing a hyphal net (type P)
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell diameter
3 µm	Minimum value
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
17 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
3 µm	Minimum value
9 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
22 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• cell diameter
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
1 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell density
8	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	star-like
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	like other parts of mantle

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip}
20 µm	Mean (= average)
• mantle different layers presence
	not discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic
or	tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
43 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
53 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
29.6 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
1.1	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	not discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	present

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
30 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
90 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
18 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
61.5 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
2.3	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	lacking, only emanating hyphae present (type G)

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
1	Minimum value
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
	absent

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	absent
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with guaiac presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	absent
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	present

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Pinaceae
• plant genus
	Pinus
• plant subgenus-section
	two-needle-pines
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	Russula sect. Russula
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes
	Mycorrrhizal ends orange-yellow, older parts reddish brown; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter in outer parts yellowish in inner parts bluish, with blue-filter yellowish; mantle in sulfo-vanillin with some cells staining blue-black.

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