Laccaria amethystina (Bolt.: Hooker) Murr. + Betula

Literature

• references
	CUVELIER J-J (1991) Characterization of birch ectomycorrhizae (II): Laccaria amethystina and Russula ochroleuca. Belg J Bot 124(2): 195-203.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pinnate
• main axis diameter
0.35 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	infrequent
• exploration type
	medium distance smooth

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	bent
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.4 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	ochre, yellowish brown
or	orange
or	red
or	grey
• very tip colour
	violet, dark reddish blue
or	bluish
• older parts colour
	dark brown
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	shiny
or	not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
	loosely woolly
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	infrequent
or	abundant
• emanating hyphae distribution
	concentrated distally

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• mantle type
	hyphae rather irregularly arranged and no special pattern discernible (type B)
• hyphal system kind
	undifferentiated
and	forked
• cell diameter
2 µm	Minimum value
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
or	pseudoparenchymatous
• cell diameter
2 µm	Minimum value
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
36 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
93 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2 µm	Minimum value
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
11 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic, oriented obliquely

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• presence
	present
• kind
	apparently two rows deep
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one
or	two

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	present

Anatomy of secondary septa of emanating hyphae

• presence
	absent
or	present
• abundance
	infrequent
• distribution
	not specified

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2 µm	Minimum value
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; hyphae rather loosely woven and of uniform diameter (type A)

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
	absent

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Betulaceae
• plant genus
	Betula
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Tricholomataceae
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes
	Mycorrhizal systems irregularly monopodial-pinnate; mycorrhizal ends felty or loosely adnate-fibrillose, slightly curved, ochre with pinkish, greyish or orange shades, very tips brightly bluish violet; inner mantle layer in plan view compact plectenchymatous or pseudoparenchymatous; in longitudinal section Hartig net one epidermal layer deep.

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