Cortinarius venetus (Fr. : Fr.) Fr. + Picea

Literature

• references
	Agerer R (1987) Studies on ectomycorrhizae X. Mycorrhizae formed by Cortinarius obtusus and C. venetus on spruce. Mycologia 79: 524-539. Agerer R (1988) Cortinarius venetus. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 13, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• ramification presence-type
	irregularly pinnate, dichotomous-like
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• abundance
	abundant, dense
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	abundant
• exploration type
	medium distance fringe

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	sinuous
or	tortuous
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.25 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.55 mm	Maximum value
• diameter
0.2 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.27 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	ochre, yellowish brown
or	yellow
• very tip colour
	ochre, yellowish brown
• older parts colour
	brown
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	silvery
or	not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
	densely woolly
or	densely cottony
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	abundant
• emanating hyphae distribution
	not specifically distributed

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• cross-section shape
	flat
• ramification kind-frequency
	repeatedly into smaller filaments
• connection to mantle kind
	oblique
• origin location
	not specific
• margin habit
	hairy
or	densely enveloped by hyphae
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• mantle type
	hyphae rather irregularly arranged and no special pattern discernible (type B)
• hyphal system kind
	undifferentiated
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	as thick as walls
• cell shape
	cylindric, constricted at septa
and	slightly inflated in middle portions
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	without pattern
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell diameter
3 µm	Minimum value
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Maximum value
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	plectenchymatous
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Maximum value
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	present
• shape
	tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
or	tangentially-oval, -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis
• tangentially length
40 µm	Minimum value
55 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
100 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
115 µm	Maximum value
• radially diameter
3 µm	Minimum value
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
17 µm	Maximum value
• mean tangenial length TCt
76.8 µm	Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
10.9	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
35 µm	Minimum value
55 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
105 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
130 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
10 µm	Minimum value
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
78.5 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
4.2	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• presence
	present
• kind
	protruding towards endodermis

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	not discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Maximum value
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	present
• rows number
1	Minimum value
2	Mean (= average)
3	Maximum value
• shape
	tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• tangentially length
15 µm	Minimum value
25 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
50 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
60 µm	Maximum value
• radially diameter
3 µm	Minimum value
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
17 µm	Maximum value
• mean tangential length TCt
34.8 µm	Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
4.5	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	round
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
14 µm	Minimum value
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
37 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
10 µm	Minimum value
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
26.7 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
1.1	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• presence
	present
• kind
	one or half a row of cortical cells adjoining endodermis free of Hartig net
or	protruding towards endodermis
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells thickness
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around tannin cells number
	one
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• anastomoses type
	closed by a clamp, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking (contact-clamp)
• anastomoses cell wall thickness {relative to remaining cell walls}
	as thick as
• anastomoses anastomosal bridge thickness {relative to hyphae}
	as thick as

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• shape
	not striking
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously brownish
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	present
• clamps outline {in lateral view}
	less than a semicircle
or	not constricted at contact point to subtending hyphal cell
• clamps width {relative to hypha in lateral view}
	thinner than
• clamps hole presence
	absent
• clamps blister-like structure {at basis} presence
	absent

Anatomy of secondary septa of emanating hyphae

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2 µm	Minimum value
3.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	smooth
or	without lens-shaped appositions
or	without spindle-shaped appositions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall {apart from tip} evenness
	even in thickness

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; hyphae rather loosely woven and of uniform diameter (type A)
• internal nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinous matrix presence
	absent
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
4	Maximum value
• shape
	oval
• diameter
1 µm	Minimum value
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of siderophilous granulations

• presence
	present
• frequency
	in few cells
• arrangement
	solitary

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	yellow, yellowish
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	yellow, yellowish
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	present
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	present
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with guaiac presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	present
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	absent

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Pinaceae
• plant genus
	Picea
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Cortinariaceae
• subgenus-section
	Cortinarius subg. Leprocybe
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes
	Autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter bluish green, with blue-filter yellowish green; mantle in KOH ochre, in brillant-cresyl-blue brightly blue and after treatment with water violet-blue, in cotton-blue walls brightly blue.

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