Tricholoma sulphureum (Bull. : Fr.) Kummer + Picea

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Literature

• references
  Agerer R (1987) Studies on ectomycorrhizae IX. Mycorrhizae formed by Tricholoma sulfureum and T. vaccinum on spruce. Mycotaxon 28: 327-360.
Agerer R (1987) Tricholoma sulphureum. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 9, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system
• ramification presence-type
  monopodial-pinnate
• ramification orders
0     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
  absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
  absent
• rhizomorphs presence
  present
• rhizomorphs frequency
  abundant
• exploration type
  medium distance fringe
Morphology of the unramified ends
• shape
  straight
• shape {of distal end}
  not inflated, cylindric
• length
2 mm    Mean (= average)
• diameter
0.3 mm    Mean (= average)
0.33 mm    Maximum value
• colour
  white
• very tip colour
  whitish
• older parts colour
  dark brown
or    brown
or    ochre, yellowish brown
• mantle cortical cells visibility
  not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
  present
• mantle transparency
  not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
  absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
  absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
  absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
  silvery
or    not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
  loosely stringy
• emanating hyphae presence
  present
• emanating hyphae abundance
  abundant
• emanating hyphae distribution
  not specifically distributed
Morphology of rhizomorphs
• cross-section shape
  round or roundish
or    flat
• ramification kind-frequency
  frequently, at restricted points
• connection to mantle kind
  distinct
or    oblique
• origin location
  proximal
• margin habit
  hairy
• dimorphism presence
  absent
Morphology of sclerotia
• presence
  absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza
• emanating elements presence-type
  rhizomorphs
Anatomy of laticifers
• presence
  absent
Anatomical features of the mantle
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• mantle type
  ring-like arrangement of hyphal bundles (type A)
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell shape
  cylindric, not constricted at septa
• cell diameter
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Maximum value
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• drops of exuded pigment presence
  absent
Anatomy of the middle mantle layer
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
Anatomy of the inner mantle layer
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
or    plectenchymatous with pseudoparenchymatous nests of cells
• hyphae arrangement
  ring-like
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Maximum value
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
  like other parts of mantle
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section
• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
5 µm    Minimum value
10 µm    Mean (= average)
15 µm    Maximum value
• mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip}
15 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
25 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle different layers presence
  discernable
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm    Minimum value
10 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
50 µm    Maximum value
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
5 µm    Minimum value
10 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2.5 µm    Minimum value
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section
• presence
  present
• shape
  tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
or    tangentially-oval, -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis
• tangentially length
18 µm    Minimum value
30 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
80 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
105 µm    Maximum value
• radially diameter
4 µm    Minimum value
6 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
14 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
17 µm    Maximum value
• mean tangenial length TCt
56.5 µm    Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
6.7     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
20 µm    Minimum value
35 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
90 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
102 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
8 µm    Minimum value
12 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
25 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
32 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
62.2 µm    Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
3.1     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section
• mantle different layers presence
  discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Maximum value
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Maximum value
• middle mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
15 µm    Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section
• presence
  present
• rows number
1     Minimum value
2     Mean (= average)
3     Maximum value
• shape
  tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• tangentially length
15 µm    Minimum value
25 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
50 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
60 µm    Maximum value
• radially diameter
4 µm    Minimum value
7 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
17 µm    Maximum value
• mean tangential length TCt
35.4 µm    Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
3.8     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
15 µm    Minimum value
20 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
45 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
10 µm    Minimum value
15 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
25 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
29.4 µm    Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
1.5     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section
• presence
  present
• kind
  protruding towards endodermis
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells shape
  roundish
or    cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells thickness
4 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around tannin cells number
  two
or    three
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  roundish
or    cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
  one
• structure {in plan view}
  of palmetti type
Anatomy of the emanating elements in general
• septal pores configuration
  globular thickenings
• anastomoses type
  closed by a simple septum, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking (contact-septum)
• anastomoses cell wall thickness {relative to remaining cell walls}
  as thick as
• anastomoses anastomosal bridge thickness {relative to hyphae}
  as thick as
Anatomy of cystidia


Anatomy of emanating hyphae
• shape
  not striking
• cell pigment location-colour
  absent
• drops of exuded pigment presence
  absent

Anatomy of the ramification of emanating hyphae
• presence
  present
• kind
  acute

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae
• clamps presence
  present

Anatomy of secondary septa of emanating hyphae
• presence
  present
• abundance
  abundant
• distribution
  evenly distributed

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape
  even
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape {at distal end}
  simple
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
3.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
7 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
  without lens-shaped appositions
or    without spindle-shaped appositions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.3 µm    Mean (= average)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness at tip {relative to remaining cell wall}
  thinner
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall {apart from tip} evenness
  even in thickness


Anatomy of rhizomorphs
• type
  undifferentiated; hyphae rather loosely woven and of uniform diameter
(type A)
• internal nodia presence
  absent
• gelatinous matrix presence
  absent
• gelatinized hyphae presence
  absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
  absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs
Anatomy of chlamydospores
• presence
  absent
Anatomy of haustoria
• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
  absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
  absent
Anatomy of nuclei
• number {per cell}
2     Mean (= average)
Anatomy of siderophilous granulations
• presence
  present
• frequency
  in few cells
• arrangement
  very dense

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
  absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
  absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
  present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
  present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
  absent
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
  present
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
  present
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
  absent
• reaction with guaiac presence
  absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
  absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
  absent
• reaction with phenole presence
  absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
  absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
  absent
• reaction with toluidin blue presence
  present

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
  Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
  unknown

Tree

• plant family
  Pinaceae
• plant genus
  Picea
• plant habitat kind
  forests, woods

Fungus

• family
  Tricholomataceae
• fruitbodies growth habit
  epigeous
or    pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes
  Autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter distinctly greenish yellow, with blue-filter distinctly yellow; mantle in brillant-cresyl-blue bright blue and after washing with water partially violet-blue, in toluidin-blue violet-blue, in cotton-blue hyphal walls slightly blue, in NH4OH no reaction, in chlorazol-black greyish blue.

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