Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. + Betula

Literature

Giltrap NJ (1979) Experimental studies on the establishment and stability of ectomycorrhizas. PhD thesis, Univ Sheffield.
Ingleby K, Mason PA, Last FT, Fleming LV (1990) Identification of ectomycorrhizas. ITE Research Publication no. 5. HMSO, London.
Pillukat A (1991) Vergleichende Untersuchung der Ektomykorrhizen von Russula ochroleuca und Paxillus involutus an verschiedenen Baumarten. Dipl thesis, Univ München.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pinnate
or	monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• abundance
	abundant, dense
• main axis diameter
0.4 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.7 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	abundant
• exploration type
	long distance

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	bent
or	sinuous
or	tortuous
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.9 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.25 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.45 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	brown
or	ochre, yellowish brown
or	grey
or	white
• very tip colour
	white
• older parts colour
	brown
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	silvery
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	infrequent
or	abundant
• emanating hyphae distribution
	not specifically distributed

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.3 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cross-section shape
	round or roundish
• colour
	concolourous to mantle
or	brownish
• origin location
	not specific
or	proximal
• margin habit
	smooth
or	hairy

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	present
• abundance
	infrequent
• shape
	globular
or	elongated
• diameter
0.15 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.8 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	dark brown
or	brown
or	grey
or	white
• formation location
	on the mantle
or	laterally on rhizomorphs

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
or	cystidia
• emanating elements cystidia location
	on outer mantle layer

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• mantle type
	hyphae rather irregularly arranged and no special pattern discernible (type B)
• hyphal net cells shape
	not specialized
• hyphal system kind
	undifferentiated
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	as thick as walls
• cell shape
	cylindric, not constricted at septa
• cell pigment location-colour
	plasmatically brownish
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Minimum value
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
and	rough

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	plectenchymatous, without pattern
• cell pigment location-colour
	colourless
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Minimum value
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6.5 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
or	plectenchymatous with pseudoparenchymatous nests of cells
• hyphae arrangement
	without pattern
or	ring-like
• septa clamps presence
	absent
or	present
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
3 µm	Minimum value
4.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
7.5 µm	Maximum value
• cell length
0 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
15 µm	Minimum value
30 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
65 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
90 µm	Maximum value
• mantle different layers presence
	not discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
53 µm	Maximum value
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic, oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
7 µm	Minimum value
9 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
24 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
27 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
39 µm	Minimum value
44 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
67 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
15.8 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
0.3	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	not discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
53 µm	Maximum value
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
7 µm	Minimum value
13 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
22 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
27 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
26 µm	Minimum value
30 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
55 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
78 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
17.7 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
0.4	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• backwards-oriented ramifications presence
	present
• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)

• type
	fusiform (type F)

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• cell pigment location-colour
	plasmatically brownish

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	present
• clamps hole presence
	absent

Anatomy of secondary septa of emanating hyphae

• presence
	absent
or	present
• abundance
	infrequent
• distribution
	not specified

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape {at distal end}
	simple
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	smooth
or	rough of warts
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter (type B)

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

Anatomy of sclerotia

• internal structure organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous with angular cells
or	pseudoparenchymatous with roundish cells

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	present
• {of ectomycorrhiza former} abundance
	occasionally present
• shape
	globular

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
	absent

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with anilin presence
	absent
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	absent
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with formol 40% presence
	present
• reaction with guaiac presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	absent
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	absent

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe

Tree

• plant family
	Betulaceae
• plant genus
	Abies
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Paxillaceae
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes

Mycorrhizal systems irregularly monopodial-pyramidal; mycorrhizal ends rosy to golden on whitish background, with brownish or ferrugineous patches, brownish-grey where air displaced by water; rhizomorphs sometimes delta-like connected to mantle; sclerotia white to yellowish-rosy, old gey, after injury a light blue fluid appearing; some fusiform hyphal ends may be regarded as cystidia; rhizomorphs sometimes with several short outgrowths; Hartig net in cross-section 1(-2) rows deep; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter bluish, with blue-filter yellowish; mantle in formol slightly bluish; nuclei close together.

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