Lactarius blennius Fr. + Fagus

Literature

Brand F (1987) Lactarius vellereus. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 6, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd (misidentified as L. vellereus).
Brand F (1991) Ektomykorrhizen an Fagus sylvatica. Charakterisierung und Identifizierung, ökologische Kennzeichnung und unsterile Kultivierung. Libri Botanici 2: 1-229.
Brand F, Agerer R (1986) Studien an Ektomykorrhizen VIII. Die Mykorrhizen von Lactarius subdulcis, Lactarius vellereus und Laccaria amethystina an Buche. Z Mykol 52(2): 287-320.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pinnate
or	monopodial-pyramidal
• tips {per 10 mm} number
12	Minimum value
38	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
42	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
2	Maximum value
• main axis diameter
0.4 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	infrequent

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4 mm	Maximum value
• diameter
0.25 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.35 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	brown
or	ochre, yellowish brown
• very tip colour
	whitish
• older parts colour
	brown
or	red
or	grey
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle laticifers visibility
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} presence
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} colour-habit
	white, remaining white after some minutes
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	shiny
or	smooth
• emanating hyphae presence
	absent
or	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	infrequent

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• cross-section shape
	round or roundish
• colour
	whitish
• ramification kind-frequency
	infrequently, at restricted points
• connection to mantle kind
	distinct
• origin location
	not specific
or	proximal
• margin habit
	smooth
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent
or	present
• location
	middle mantle layer
or	inner mantle layer
• shape
	straight and even
• ramification presence-abundance
	infrequent
• cell diameter
3 µm	Minimum value
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomical features of the mantle

• matrix presence
	present
• matrix location
	outer mantle layer {apart from tip}
or	outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip}
or	middle mantle layer
or	inner mantle layer

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• organisation {if pseudoparenchymatous} cell shape
	epidermoid, puzzle-like, jig-saw-shaped
• mantle type
	epidermoid cells (type M)
• matrix kind
	gelatinous
• pores between cells presence
	present
• pores between cells abundance
	infrequent
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	thinner than walls
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell density
5.7	Mean (= average)
• cell wall thickness
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall with globular thickenings
	absent
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• cell wall projections presence
	present
• cell wall projections abundance
	abundant
• cell wall projections shape
	even in thickness
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• matrix kind
	not gelatinous
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously brownish
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
	not gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
	without pattern
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	like other parts of mantle
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} matrix kind
	not gelatinous
or	gelatinous

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
35 µm	Minimum value
40 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
or	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	cylindrical
or	beaded
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
4.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one
• lobes width
4.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• structure {in plan view}
	infrequently lobed

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• intrahyphal hyphae presence
	absent
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• shape
	not striking
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the ramification of emanating hyphae

• presence
	present
• kind
	acute
• distance {from septum}
	adjacent to septum
• side-branches at septum number
	one side-branch at septum

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent
• clamps hole presence
	absent
• clamps blister-like structure {at basis} presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	smooth
or	without lens-shaped appositions
or	without spindle-shaped appositions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter (type B)
• nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• cup-like structures on surface presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
2 µm	Mean (= average)
• length
2 µm	Mean (= average)
• distance {between each other}
0 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	present
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	present
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	present
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	present
• reaction with sudan III presence
	present
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	present
• reaction with toluidin blue presence
	present

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe

Tree

• plant family
	Fagaceae
• plant genus
	Fagus
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	Lactarius sect. Lactarius
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes

Mycorrhizal systems mostly pyramidal; mycorrhizal ends slightly brownish to nut-brown, older parts fleshs-coloured to red-brwon then darker grey-brown to grey; middle mantle layers in plan view with slightly membranaceously brownish cells; septa of laticifers infrequent; hyphae of very tip (outer mantle layers) with 1-2 um thick lumen, walls 2.5-4 um thick; rhizomorph hyphae with 1-2 um thick walls close to mantle; in cross-section Hartig net 1-2(-3) cortical cell layers deep, in older parts protruding towards endodermis; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter outer layers distinctly light blue, middle mantle layers olive-yellow and inner mantle layers slightly blue, with blue-filter greenish-yellow, middle mantle layers rather greenith-orange; mantle in sulfo-vanillin partly slightly violet-brown, latex without reaction, in KOH latex grey, in brillant-cresyl-blue violet-blue, in toluidin-blue blue-violet, in cotton-blue walls of outer mantle layers distinctly blue, in sudan III latex distinctly red-orange, in ruthenium-red walls of outer mantle layer red, in chlorazol black slightly blue-green, in phloxin B brown-red; (at first described under L. vellereus, but possibly under this name misidentified, Brand (1991)!).

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