Lactarius camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. + Fagus

Literature

• references
	Brand F (1991) Ektomykorrhizen an Fagus sylvatica. Charakterisierung und Identifizierung, ökologische Kennzeichnung und unsterile Kultivierung. Libri Botanici 2: 1-229.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pyramidal
• tips {per 10 mm} number
12	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
24	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• main axis diameter
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.35 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	infrequent

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	bent
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.25 mm	Mean (= average)
• colour
	brown
or	orange
• very tip colour
	brown
or	orange
• older parts colour
	dark brown
or	brown
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} presence
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} colour-habit
	white, remaining white after some minutes
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	shiny
or	smooth
or	covered with soil particles
• emanating hyphae presence
	absent

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.04 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
or	cystidia
• emanating elements cystidia location
	on outer mantle layer
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent
or	present
• location
	middle mantle layer
• shape
	straight and even
or	worm-like, uneven
• ramification presence-abundance
	abundant
• cell diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
11 µm	Maximum value

Anatomical features of the mantle

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• organisation {if pseudoparenchymatous} cell shape
	angular
• mantle type
	angular cells bearing a hyphal net (type P)
• hyphal net cells shape
	triangular with obtuse ends
• hyphal net cells diameter
0 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• hyphal net cell walls habit
	faint, delicate, inconspicuous, rather thin
• pores between cells presence
	absent
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	as thick as walls
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously brownish
• cell diameter
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell density
3.5	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• cell wall projections presence
	present
• cell wall projections abundance
	infrequent
• cell wall projections shape
	even in thickness
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• cell pigment location-colour
	colourless
or	membranaceously brownish
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	without pattern
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	like other parts of mantle
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
7 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} cell density
19	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
30 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
50 µm	Maximum value
• mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip}
30 µm	Mean (= average)
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
26 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
32 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic, oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
11 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
18 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
18 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
0.3	Minimum value
0.4	Mean (= average)
0.7	Maximum value

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around tannin cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
26 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
32 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	round
or	radially-oval to -elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
12 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
19 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
31 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
0.5	Minimum value
0.7	Mean (= average)
0.9	Maximum value

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• septal pores configuration
	dolipore-like structures
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
	absent
• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)

• type
	thin-walled, slightly tapering, often rather similar to ends of normal hyphae, but mostly originating from a pseudoparenchyma (type O)
• septa presence
	absent
• septa kind
	absent, with basal clamp only
• diameter {proximal}
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
0 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall colour
	absent
• cell wall colour {relative to mantle cells}
	lacking or less intense
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall thickness {relative to mantle cells}
	thinner
• cell wall evenness
	even in thickness
• surface habit
	smooth
• contents presence
	absent
• contents type
	absent

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter (type B)
• cup-like structures on surface presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
2 µm	Mean (= average)
• length
2 µm	Mean (= average)
• distance {between each other}
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with anilin presence
	absent
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with formol 40% presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	absent
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	present

Ecology

• substrate
	in organic layer
or	in organically enriched mineral horizon
or	below mosses
• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Fagaceae
• plant genus
	Fagus
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	Lactarius sect. Russulares
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes

Mycorrhizal ends slightly bent, distinctly dark orange-brown, very tips orange-brown, older parts darker brown; emanating hyphae membranaceously orange; in longitudinal section 1-2 cortical cell layers with Hartig net, in cross-section 1-2(-3) layers; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter indistinctly 2-layered, outer layer slightly orange-ochre to cremy-white, inner layer lighter bluish white; mantle in sulfo-vanillin with latex of laticifers slightly dark-violet.

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