Lactarius subdulcis Bull. : Fr. + Fagus

Literature

Brand F (1987) Lactarius subdulcis. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 5, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.
Brand F, Agerer R (1986) Studien an Ektomykorrhizen VIII. Die Mykorrhizen von Lactarius subdulcis, Lactarius vellereus und Laccaria amethystina an Buche. Z Mykol 52: 287-320.
Pargney JC, Prevost A (1996) Comparaison des ectomycorhizes naturelles entre la hetre (Fagus sylvatica) et deux lactaires (Lactarius blennius var viridis et Lactarius subdulcis). II. Caracterisation cytochemique des interfaces. Ann Sci For 53: 991-1003.
Prevost A, Pargney JC (1995) Comparaison des ectomycorhizes naturelles entre la hetre (Fagus sylvatica) et deux lactaires (Lactarius blennius var viridis et Lactarius subdulcis). I. Caracteristiques morphologiques et cytologiques. Ann Sci For 52: 131-146.
Prevost A, Pargney JC (1997) Comparaison des ectomycorhizes naturelles entre la hetre (Fagus sylvatica) et deux lactaires (Lactarius blennius var viridis et Lactarius subdulcis). III. Les rhizomorphes. Ann Sci For 54: 117-124.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
60 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pinnate
or	monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• abundance
	abundant, dense
• main axis diameter
0.5 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	infrequent

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	bent
or	sinuous
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
or	inflated, club-shaped
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.4 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.7 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	brown
or	ochre, yellowish brown
or	orange
• very tip colour
	brown
or	ochre, yellowish brown
or	orange
• older parts colour
	brown
or	ochre, yellowish brown
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} presence
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} colour-habit
	white, remaining white after some minutes
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
or	reddish
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	shiny
or	smooth
or	glistening
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	infrequent

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0.007 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.03 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm	Maximum value
• cross-section shape
	round or roundish
• colour
	concolourous to mantle
or	brown
or	orange
or	whitish
• ramification kind-frequency
	infrequently, at restricted points
• connection to mantle kind
	distinct
• origin location
	proximal
• margin habit
	smooth
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent
or	present
• location
	middle mantle layer
or	inner mantle layer
or	rhizomorphs
• shape
	straight and even
• ramification presence-abundance
	infrequent
• cell diameter
4 µm	Minimum value
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Maximum value

Anatomical features of the mantle

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• organisation {if pseudoparenchymatous} cell shape
	angular
• mantle type
	angular cells bearing a hyphal net (type P)
• hyphal net cells shape
	not specialized
and	with roundish lobes
• hyphal net cells diameter
2.5 µm	Minimum value
4.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Maximum value
• hyphal net cell walls habit
	faint, delicate, inconspicuous, rather thin
• pores between cells presence
	present
• pores between cells abundance
	infrequent
and	abundant
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously brownish
• cell density
4	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	plectenchymatous, without pattern
• cell pigment location-colour
	colourless
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Maximum value
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	without pattern
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} cell density
19	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
35 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
55 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
60 µm	Maximum value
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
9 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
21 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	round
or	radially-oval to -elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• presence
	present
• kind
	apparently two rows deep
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one
or	two
• structure {in plan view}
	of palmetti type

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• anastomoses type
	open, with a long bridge
or	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• shape
	not striking
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
or	membranaceously brownish
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the ramification of emanating hyphae

• presence
	present
• kind
	acute
• distance {from septum}
	adjacent to septum
• side-branches at septum number
	one side-branch at septum

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell length
50 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
100 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	smooth
or	without lens-shaped appositions
or	without spindle-shaped appositions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall {apart from tip} evenness
	even in thickness

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter (type B)
• internal nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
	present
• {of foreign origin} frequency
	consistently present
• shape
	lobate

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Ultrastructure

• mantle matrix presence-kind
	dark

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	present
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	present
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	present
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• amyloidity haustoria presence
	absent
• reaction with sudan III presence
	present
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	present
• reaction with toluidin blue presence
	present

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Fagaceae
• plant genus
	Fagus
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	Lactarius sect. Russulares
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes

Mycorrhizal ends orange-brown to orange-ocker; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter whitish creme, with blue-filter greenish orange to greenish yellow; mantle in sulfo-vanillin with dark violet-brown to blackish lilac latex; in KOH orange pigment eluing, in brillant-cresyl-blue violet, in toluidin-blue bluish violet, in Sudan III latex brightly reddish orange, in ethanol slowly bleaching, in chlorazol-black greyish green.

– Item listing –