Russula illota Romagn. + Fagus

Literature

Brand F (1991) Ektomykorrhizen an Fagus sylvatica. Charakterisierung und Identifizierung, ökologische Kennzeichnung und unsterile Kultivierung. Libri Botanici 2: 1-229.
Brand F (1991) Russula illota. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 64, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd. - Beenken L (2004) Die Gattung Russula. Untersuchungen zu ihrer Systematik anhand von Ektomykorrhizen. Dissertation, Universität München. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00003175/01/Beenken_Ludwig.pdf

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
3 mm	Maximum value
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• main axis diameter
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.4 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	infrequent
• exploration type
	medium distance smooth

Morphology of the unramified ends

• mantle hydrophobicity presence
	present
• shape
	straight
or	bent
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.8 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.25 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.3 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	brown
or	ochre, yellowish brown
or	orange
or	grey
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	silvery
or	covered with soil particles
or	not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
	densely short-spiny
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	infrequent

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• cross-section shape
	cushion-shaped (semicircular)
• colour
	brown
or	red
• margin habit
	hairy
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
or	cystidia
• emanating elements cystidia location
	on outer mantle layer
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

• completeness
	complete
• matrix presence
	present
• matrix location
	outer mantle layer {apart from tip}
or	middle mantle layer

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• mantle type
	hyphae arranged net-like, with prominent cystidia (type D)
• matrix kind
	gelatinous
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent
• pigment granula on surface presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• presence
	present
• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
	gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
	plectenchymatous, with broad streaks of parallel hyphae
• cell pigment location-colour
	colourless
• cell diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	ring-like
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	like other parts of mantle

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
40 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
60 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
13 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
25 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
0.25	Minimum value
0.45	Mean (= average)
0.8	Maximum value

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• presence
	present
• kind
	periepidermal
or	in two rows, not reaching endodermis

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	round
or	radially-oval to -elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
12 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
26 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
13 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
0.4	Minimum value
0.8	Mean (= average)
2	Maximum value

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• presence
	present
• kind
	apparently two rows deep
or	apparently one and a half row deep
or	in tow rows, not reaching endodermis
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• lobes width
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• structure {in plan view}
	of palmetti type

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• intrahyphal hyphae presence
	absent
• septal pores configuration
	globular thickenings
• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking
• anastomoses cell wall thickness {relative to remaining cell walls}
	as thick as
• anastomoses anastomosal bridge thickness {relative to hyphae}
	thinner

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)

• type
	flask-shaped with an apical knob (type D)
• apical knobs number
1	Mean (= average)
• apical knobs arrangement
	solitary, not in chains
or	asymmetrically
• apical knobs shape
	globose
• apical knobs diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• apical knobs length
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• apical knobs wall thickness
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• apical knobs cell wall thickness {relative to cystidial body}
	as thick as those of cystidial body
or	thicker than those of cystidial body
• septa presence
	absent
• septa kind
	absent, with basal clamp only
• foot cell presence
	absent
• diameter {proximal}
3.5 µm	Minimum value
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
11 µm	Minimum value
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• shape factor
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall colour
	absent
• cell wall colour {relative to mantle cells}
	similar
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness {relative to mantle cells}
	thicker
• cell wall evenness
	even in thickness
• surface habit
	smooth
• contents presence
	present
• contents type
	brownish, with latex-like droplets

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• shape
	not striking
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the ramification of emanating hyphae

• presence
	present
• kind
	acute
or	approximately 90°
• distance {from septum}
	adjacent to septum
• side-branches at septum number
	one side-branch at septum

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape
	even
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape {at distal end}
	simple
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell length
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
100 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	smooth
or	without lens-shaped appositions
or	without spindle-shaped appositions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness at tip {relative to remaining cell wall}
	as thick as
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall {apart from tip} evenness
	even in thickness

Anatomy of the crystals occouring in emanating hyphae

• presence shape
	absent

Anatomy of the warts occouring on emanating hyphae

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; hyphae rather loosely woven and of uniform diameter (type A)
or	highly differentiated; thick hyphae forming mostly a core, septa often partially or completely dissolved (type F)
• internal nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• cup-like structures on surface presence
	absent
• conical young side-branches presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• contents presence-kind
	filled with brownish or yellowish substances
• roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	filled with brownish or yellowish substances
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	filled with brownish or yellowish substances
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	filled with brownish or yellowish substances
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	filled with brownish or yellowish substances
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• distance {between each other}
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with anilin presence
	absent
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with formol 40% presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	absent
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	absent
• reaction with sudan III presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	absent

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Fagaceae
• plant genus
	Fagus
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	Russula sect. Ingratae
• subsection
	Russula sect. Ingratae subsect. Foetentinae
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes
	Mycorrhizal ends slightly bent, rust-brown; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter slightly bluish.

– Item listing –