Russula ochroleuca (Pers.) Fr. + Betula

Literature

Cuvelier J-J (1991) Characterization of birch ectomycorrhizae (II): Laccaria amethystea and Russula ochroleuca. Belg J Bot 124(2): 195-203.
Pillukat A (1991) Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Ektomykorrhizen von Russula ochroleuca und Paxillus involutus an verschiedenen Baumarten. Dipl Thesis, Univ München.
Pillukat A, Agerer R (1992) Studien an Ektomykorrhizen XL. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur baumbezogenen Variabilität der Ektomykorrhizen von Russula ochroleuca. Z Mykol 58(2): 211-242.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• abundance
	abundant, dense
• main axis diameter
0.35 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.6 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	absent
• exploration type
	contact

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	bent
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.4 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.15 mm	Minimum value
0.25 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.4 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.45 mm	Maximum value
• colour
	ochre, yellowish brown
or	yellow
or	orange
• very tip colour
	yellow
or	yellowish
or	greyish
• older parts colour
	brown
or	orange
or	green
or	grey
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	yellowish or greenish
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	shiny
or	not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
	loosely grainy or warty
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	infrequent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

• matrix presence
	present
• matrix location
	inner mantle layer

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• organisation {if pseudoparenchymatous} cell shape
	angular
• mantle type
	angular cells and mounds of flattened cells (type O)
• mound cells diameter
5 µm	Minimum value
8 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Maximum value
• mound cells granular contents
	present
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	as thick as walls
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously yellowish
• cell diameter
3 µm	Minimum value
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Maximum value
• cell length
3 µm	Minimum value
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
27 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
37 µm	Maximum value
• cell density
12	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
18	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall with globular thickenings
	absent
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• cell wall projections presence
	absent
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• cell pigment location-colour
	colourless
• cell diameter
3.5 µm	Minimum value
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
18 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
or	pseudoparenchymatous
• matrix kind
	not gelatinous
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Maximum value
• cell length
7 µm	Minimum value
14 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
49 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	like other parts of mantle
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} cell density
16	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
29	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
30 µm	Minimum value
41 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
60 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
112 µm	Maximum value
• mantle different layers presence
	not discernable
or	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2.5 µm	Minimum value
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
24 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
23 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
31 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
12.5 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
25 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
27 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Minimum value
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic, oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
9 µm	Minimum value
12 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
25 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
32 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
20 µm	Minimum value
40 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
50 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
63 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
18.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
0.4	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• presence
	present
• kind
	paraepidermal
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness
1 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one
or	two

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	not discernible
or	discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2.5 µm	Minimum value
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
24 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
23 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
31 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
12.5 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
25 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	absent
• shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
9 µm	Minimum value
13 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
24 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
27 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
32 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
49 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
52 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
17.6 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
0.4	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• presence
	present
• kind
	apparently two rows deep
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• intrahyphal hyphae presence
	absent
• septal pores configuration
	dolipore-like structures
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
	absent
• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• shape
	tortuous
or	not striking
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
or	plasmatically yellowish
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the ramification of emanating hyphae

• presence
	present
• kind
	acute
• distance {from septum}
	one or two hyphal diam. below the septum
• side-branches at septum number
	one side-branch at septum

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent
• clamps hole presence
	absent
• clamps blister-like structure {at basis} presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape
	with ellbow-like protrusions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape {at distal end}
	simple
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	smooth
or	without lens-shaped appositions
or	without spindle-shaped appositions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness at tip {relative to remaining cell wall}
	thinner
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall {apart from tip} evenness
	even in thickness

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	lacking, only emanating hyphae present (type G)

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
or	oval
• diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• distance {between each other}
0 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with anilin presence
	absent
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	absent
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with formol 40% presence
	absent
• reaction with guaiac presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	present
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	absent

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe

Tree

• plant family
	Betulaceae
• plant genus
	Betula
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	Russula sect. Ingratae
• subsection
	Russula sect. Ingratae subsect. Felleinae
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes

Mycorrhizal ends straight to slightly bent, yellowish ochre with orange shades, very tips yellow or yellowish grey, older parts orange-brown or olive-yellow to grey or violet-brown or dirty brown with slightly green tints; middle mantle layers in plan view with angular cells; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter with outer layers slightly greenish yellow, inner layers bluish white, with blue-filter outer mantle layers intensely yellow and inner layers bluish-white, with green-filter slightly red throughout; mantle in KOH with yellow cell heaps becoming red- to yellow-brown.

– Item listing –