Tricholoma vaccinum (Pers. : Fr.) Kummer + Picea

Literature

Agerer R (1987) Studies on ectomycorrhizae IX. Mycorrhizae formed by Tricholoma sulfureum and T. vaccinum on spruce. Mycotaxon 28(2): 327-360.
Agerer R (1987) Tricholoma vaccinum. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 10, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.
Brunner I, Amiet R, Zollinger M (1992) Ectomycorrhizal synthesis with Picea abies and three fungal species: a case study on the use of an in vitro technique to identify naturally occurring ectomycorrhizae. Mycorrhiza 2(2): 89-96.
Uhl M (1988) Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von Ektomykorrhizen an Pinus silvestris und von Ektomykorrhizen aus der Gattung Tricholoma. Diss Univ München.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• abundance
	abundant, dense
• main axis diameter
0.4 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.2 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	abundant
• exploration type
	medium distance fringe

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	tortuous
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.3 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.39 mm	Maximum value
• diameter
0.35 mm	Minimum value
0.39 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.46 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.59 mm	Maximum value
• colour
	white
• very tip colour
	white
• older parts colour
	brown
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	silvery
or	not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
	densely stringy
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	abundant

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.12 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cross-section shape
	round or roundish
• colour
	concolourous to mantle
or	white
• ramification kind-frequency
	frequently, at restricted points
• connection to mantle kind
	oblique
• origin location
	not specific
or	proximal
• margin habit
	hairy
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• mantle type
	ring-like arrangement of hyphal bundles (type A)
• cell shape
	cylindric, constricted at septa
• cell diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous with pseudoparenchymatous nests of cells
• hyphae arrangement
	ring-like
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	plectenchymatous
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
5 µm	Minimum value
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle different layers presence
	not discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
2 µm	Minimum value
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Maximum value
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	present
• shape
	tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
or	tangentially-oval, -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis
• tangentially length
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
105 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
120 µm	Maximum value
• radially diameter
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
19 µm	Maximum value
• mean tangenial length TCt
35.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
81 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
4	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7.4	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
40 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
90 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
100 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
5 µm	Minimum value
8 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
22 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
27 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
48.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
73 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
3	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around tannin cells shape
	roundish
or	beaded
• structure {in plan view}
	of palmetti type
• lobes width
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	not discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• unlayered mantle hyphae tangentially length
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
70 µm	Maximum value
• unlayered mantle hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	present
• rows number
1	Mean (= average)
2	Maximum value
• shape
	tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• tangentially length
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
50 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
60 µm	Maximum value
• radially diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
11 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Maximum value
• mean tangential length TCt
19.8 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40.9 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
2.2	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.7	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	round
or	radially-oval to -elliptic
or	tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
10 µm	Minimum value
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
48 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
5 µm	Minimum value
11 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
35 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
21.8 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
27 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
1.1	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.7	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• presence
	present
• kind
	one or half a row of cortical cells adjoining endodermis free of Hartig net
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
or	beaded
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells thickness
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around tannin cells number
	one
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one
• structure {in plan view}
	of palmetti type

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• intrahyphal hyphae presence
	absent
• septal pores configuration
	globular thickenings
• backwards-oriented ramifications presence
	absent
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
	absent
• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking
or	closed by a simple septum, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking (contact-septum)
• anastomoses location
	not specified

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• shape
	not striking
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the ramification of emanating hyphae

• presence
	present
• kind
	acute
• distance {from septum}
	adjacent to septum
• side-branches at septum number
	one side-branch at septum

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent
or	present
• clamps hole presence
	absent
or	present
• clamps blister-like structure {at basis} presence
	absent

Anatomy of secondary septa of emanating hyphae

• presence
	present
• abundance
	infrequent
• distribution
	not specified

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	smooth
or	without lens-shaped appositions
or	without spindle-shaped appositions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	highly differentiated; thick hyphae forming mostly a core, septa often partially or completely dissolved (type F)
• nodia presence
	present
• internal nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinous matrix presence
	absent
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• cup-like structures on surface presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• distance {between each other}
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of siderophilous granulations

• presence
	present
• frequency
	in few cells
• arrangement
	solitary

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
	absent

Chemical reactions

• reaction with anilin presence
	present
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	present
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
or	present
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
or	present
• reaction with guaiac presence
	absent
or	present
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
or	present
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	absent
• reaction with toluidin blue presence
	present

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Pinaceae
• plant genus
	Picea
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Tricholomataceae
• subgenus-section
	Tricholoma subg. Genuina
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes

Mycorrhizal ends occasionally slightly tortuous; tannin cell rows up to 3 or 4 near base of rhizomorphs; Hartig net in plan view a weakly ramified palmetti-type; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter greenish blue, with blue-filter yellowish or yellowish green; mantle in guaiac slightly greenish blue, in FeSO4 brownish olive, in brillant-cresyl-blue bright blue and after treatment with water partly violet-blue, in toluidin-blue violet-blue, in cotton-blue walls slightly blue, in phenole-aniline rhizomorphs red-brown, other hyphae grey, in anilin rhizomorphs brownish.

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