Lactarius lignyotus Fr. + Picea

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Literature

• references
  Kraigher H, Agerer R, Javornik B (1995) Ectomycorrhizae of Lactarius lignyotus on Norway spruce, characterized by anatomical and molecular tools. Mycorrhiza 5: 175-180.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system
• length
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
  monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• main axis diameter
0.4 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.6 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
  absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
  absent
• rhizomorphs presence
  absent
Morphology of the unramified ends
• shape
  straight
or    bent
or    beaded
• shape {of distal end}
  not inflated, cylindric
or    tapering
• length
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.5 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.7 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
  white
• very tip colour
  ochre, yellowish brown
or    greyish
or    whitish
• older parts colour
  grey
• mantle cortical cells visibility
  not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
  present
• mantle transparency
  not transparent
• mantle dots presence-colour
  absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
  absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
  silvery
or    smooth
• emanating hyphae presence
  present
• emanating hyphae abundance
  infrequent
Morphology of sclerotia
• presence
  absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza
• emanating elements presence-type
  cystidia
• emanating elements cystidia location
  on outer mantle layer
Anatomy of laticifers
• presence
  present
• location
  middle mantle layer
or    inner mantle layer
• shape
  straight and even
• cell diameter
4 µm    Minimum value
5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomical features of the mantle
• matrix presence
  present
• matrix location
  middle mantle layer
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• mantle type
  hymeniform, stout and often slightly curved hyphal end-cells, filled with oily droplets which stain in sulpho-vanillin (type I)
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell pigment location-colour
  absent
• cell diameter
2 µm    Minimum value
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm    Maximum value
• cell length
9 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
17.5 µm    Maximum value
• cell wall surface habit
  with few soil particles
• drops of exuded pigment presence
  absent
Anatomy of the middle mantle layer
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
  gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
  plectenchymatous, without pattern
• cell diameter
1.5 µm    Minimum value
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
4 µm    Minimum value
8 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
18 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
21 µm    Maximum value
• cell contents presence-kind
  absent
• cell wall surface habit
  smooth
Anatomy of the inner mantle layer
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
  without pattern
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm    Maximum value
• cell length
6 µm    Minimum value
12 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
16 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
27 µm    Maximum value
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
  like other parts of mantle
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section
• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
20 µm    Minimum value
30 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
49 µm    Maximum value
• mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip}
30 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
40 µm    Maximum value
• mantle different layers presence
  discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2 µm    Minimum value
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• laticifers diameter
5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section
• presence
  present
• shape
  tangentially-oval, -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis
• tangentially length
25 µm    Minimum value
40 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
110 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• radially diameter
4 µm    Minimum value
8 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
22 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
27 µm    Maximum value
• mean tangenial length TCt
75.2 µm    Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
6.1     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
or    tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
29 µm    Minimum value
55 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
110 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
12 µm    Minimum value
15 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
36 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
83.8 µm    Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
3.6     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section
• presence
  present
• kind
  protruding towards endodermis
• structure {in plan view}
  of palmetti type
• lobes width
2 µm    Minimum value
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Maximum value
Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section
• mantle different layers presence
  discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm    Minimum value
10 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• laticifers diameter
5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section
• presence
  present
• rows number
1     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• shape
  tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• tangentially length
15 µm    Minimum value
23 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
55 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
70 µm    Maximum value
• radially diameter
5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
25 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Maximum value
• mean tangential length TCt
37.8 µm    Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
3.8     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  radially-oval to -elliptic
or    tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
15 µm    Minimum value
20 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
37 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
43 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
13 µm    Minimum value
17 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
50 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
26.9 µm    Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
1.2     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section
• presence
  present
• kind
  protruding towards endodermis
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells shape
  roundish
or    cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells thickness
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
10 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around tannin cells number
  one
or    two
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
  one
Anatomy of the emanating elements in general
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
  absent
Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)
• type
  fusiform (type F)
• septa presence
  absent
• septa kind
  absent, with basal clamp only
• diameter {proximal}
2 µm    Minimum value
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm    Maximum value
• diameter {distal}
2 µm    Minimum value
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm    Maximum value
• length
9 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
17.5 µm    Maximum value
• cell wall evenness
  even in thickness
• surface habit
  with soil particles
• contents presence
  present
• contents type
  finely granular

Anatomy of emanating hyphae
• shape
  wavy
or    not striking
• drops of exuded pigment presence
  absent


Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae
• clamps presence
  absent
• clamps hole presence
  absent
• clamps blister-like structure {at basis} presence
  absent


Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
  smooth
or    without lens-shaped appositions
or    without spindle-shaped appositions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.5 µm    Mean (= average)


Anatomy of rhizomorphs
• type
  lacking, only emanating hyphae present
(type G)

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs
Anatomy of chlamydospores
• presence
  absent
Anatomy of haustoria
• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
  absent
Anatomy of nuclei
• number {per cell}
2     Mean (= average)
• shape
  round
• diameter
1.5 µm    Mean (= average)
• length
1.5 µm    Mean (= average)
Anatomy of siderophilous granulations
• presence
  present
• frequency
  in few cells
• arrangement
  very dense
• diameter
0.2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
  absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
  absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
  present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
  present
• mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
  present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
  present
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
  present
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
  absent
or    present
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
  present
• reaction with formol 40% presence
  absent
• reaction with guaiac presence
  present
• reaction with lactic acid presence
  absent
or    present
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
  absent
• reaction with phenole presence
  present
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
  present

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
  Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
  unknown

Tree

• plant family
  Pinaceae
• plant genus
  Picea
• plant habitat kind
  forests, woods

Fungus

• family
  Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
  Lactarius sect. Plinthogali
• fruitbodies growth habit
  epigeous
or    pileate-lamellate

DNA-Analysis

• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bands number
2     Mean (= average)
• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bp of 1. band from below number
250     Mean (= average)
• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bp of 2. band from below number
530     Mean (= average)
• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme HinfI bands number
1     Mean (= average)
• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme HinfI bp of 1. band from below number
360     Mean (= average)

Remarks

• public notes
  Mcorrhizal systems irregularly monopodial-pyramidal; mycorrhizal ends slightly bent, sometimes slightly beaded, sometimes tapering, grey or slightly ochre, older parts with larger dark greyish patches, when air displaced by water; septa of laticifers infrequent; outer mantle cells can be regarded as cystidia; Hartig net in plan view a weakly ramified palmetti- type; tannin cells in cross-section sometimes also cylindric, cortical cells in cross-section mostly tangentially-oval; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter bluish and laticifers more intensely, with blue-filter greenish and laticifers more intensely, with green-filter slightly reddish and laticifers more intensely; mantle in sulfo-vanillin greenish-pink with well distinguishable laticifers and latex greyish olive-green, with guaiac blue, with FeSO4 ochre, in lactic acid slightly ochre tint destains slightly, in brillant-cresyl-blue blue, in ethanol slightly ochre tint destains slightly, in phenol mantle darkens slightly, in acid fuchsin slightly pink; nuclei lying often very close.

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