Lactarius rubrocinctus Fr. + Fagus

Literature

• references
	Brand F (1991) Ektomykorrhizen an Fagus sylvatica. Charakterisierung und Identifizierung, ökologische Kennzeichnung und unsterile Kultivierung. Libri Botanici 2: 1-229. Brand F (1991) Lactarius rubrocinctus. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 60, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pyramidal
• tips {per 10 mm} number
2	Minimum value
6	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
14	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• main axis diameter
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.7 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	infrequent

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	bent
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 mm	Maximum value
• diameter
0.25 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.4 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	brown
or	ochre, yellowish brown
or	orange
• very tip colour
	ochre, yellowish brown
or	orange
• older parts colour
	dark brown
or	brown
or	orange
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} presence
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} colour-habit
	white, remaining white after some minutes
• mantle dots presence-colour
	reddish
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	smooth
or	glistening
• emanating hyphae presence
	absent

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.06 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
or	cystidia
• emanating elements cystidia location
	on outer mantle layer
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent
or	present
• location
	middle mantle layer
or	rhizomorphs
• shape
	straight and even
• cell diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
14 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy entire mycorrhiza laticiferous solitary (gloeoplerous) cells presence
	present

Anatomical features of the mantle

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• organisation {if pseudoparenchymatous} cell shape
	angular
• mantle type
	some cells containing droplets, staining in sulpho-vanillin; shape variable (type N)
and	angular cells bearing a hyphal net (type P)
• hyphal net cells shape
	not specialized
• hyphal net cells diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• hyphal net cell walls habit
	faint, delicate, inconspicuous, rather thin
• pores between cells presence
	absent
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	as thick as walls
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously yellowish
and	membranaceously brownish
• cell diameter
9 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
9 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell density
4	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• cell wall projections presence
	present
• cell wall projections abundance
	infrequent
and	abundant
• cell wall projections shape
	even in thickness
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	plectenchymatous, star-like
• cell pigment location-colour
	membranaceously yellowish
or	membranaceously brownish
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	without pattern
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	like other parts of mantle
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
6 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} cell density
22	Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
35 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
60 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
70 µm	Maximum value
• mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip}
40 µm	Mean (= average)
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic, oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
36 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
25 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
0.4	Minimum value
0.6	Mean (= average)
1.4	Maximum value

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	round
or	radially-oval to -elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
14 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
26 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
12 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
33 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
0.6	Minimum value
0.8	Mean (= average)
1.4	Maximum value

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• presence
	present
• kind
	apparently two rows deep
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• lobes width
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• structure {in plan view}
	of palmetti type

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• septal pores configuration
	dolipore-like structures
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
	absent
• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)

• type
	thin-walled, slightly tapering, often rather similar to ends of normal hyphae, but mostly originating from a pseudoparenchyma (type O)
• septa presence
	absent
• septa kind
	absent, with basal clamp only
• diameter {proximal}
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
0 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall colour
	absent
• cell wall colour {relative to mantle cells}
	lacking or less intense
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall thickness {relative to mantle cells}
	thinner
• cell wall evenness
	even in thickness
• surface habit
	smooth
• contents presence
	present
• contents type
	brownish, with latex-like droplets

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter (type B)
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• cup-like structures on surface presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
1.5 µm	Mean (= average)
• length
1.5 µm	Mean (= average)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with anilin presence
	absent
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with formol 40% presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	absent
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	present

Ecology

• substrate
	in organically enriched mineral horizon
• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Fagaceae
• plant genus
	Fagus
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	Lactarius sect. Russulares
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes

Mycorrhizal systems irregularly monopodial-pyramidal; mycorrhizal ends light ochre-orange to darker orange-brown, very tips lighter coloured or like other parts, older parts darker orange-brown; pripheral hyphae of rhizomorphs with slightly ochre to orange-red walls; in longitudinal and cross-section Hartig net 1-2 cortical cell layers deep; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter indistinctly 3-layered with outer layers orange-ochre, middle layers yellowish white and inner layers bluish white; mantle in sulfo-vanillin with latex of laticifers and of outer mantle layer cells blackish-violet, mantle macroscopically with blackish dots.

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