Rhizopogon subcaerulescens A. H. Smith + Tsuga

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– Enlarged view –

Literature

• references
  Agerer R (1996) Rhizopogon subcaerulescens. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 104, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.
Agerer R, Müller WR, Bahnweg G (1996) Ectomycorrhizae of Rhizopogon subcaerulescens on Tsuga heterophylla. Nova Hedwigia 63.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system
• length
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
  monopodial-pinnate
or    monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
2     Maximum value
• abundance
  abundant, dense
• main axis diameter
0.6 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.75 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
  absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
  absent
• rhizomorphs presence
  present
• rhizomorphs frequency
  infrequent
• exploration type
  long distance
Morphology of the unramified ends
• shape
  straight
or    bent
or    sinuous
or    tortuous
• shape {of distal end}
  not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.9 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6.5 mm    Maximum value
• diameter
0.36 mm    Minimum value
0.45 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.51 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
  lilac, light reddish blue
or    white
• very tip colour
  whitish
• older parts colour
  brown
or    red
or    grey
• mantle cortical cells visibility
  not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
  present
• mantle transparency
  not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
  absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
  absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
  absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
  silvery
or    smooth
or    not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
  densely short-spiny
• emanating hyphae presence
  present
• emanating hyphae abundance
  infrequent
Morphology of rhizomorphs
• diameter
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.26 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cross-section shape
  round or roundish
• colour
  concolourous to mantle
or    brownish
or    lilac, light reddish blue
or    whitish
• ramification kind-frequency
  infrequently, at restricted points
• connection to mantle kind
  distinct
• origin location
  proximal
• margin habit
  smooth
or    hairy
• dimorphism presence
  absent
Morphology of sclerotia
• presence
  absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza
• emanating elements presence-type
  rhizomorphs
or    cystidia
• emanating elements cystidia location
  on outer mantle layer
or    on rhizomorphs
• blue granules presence
  absent
Anatomy of laticifers
• presence
  absent
Anatomical features of the mantle
• matrix presence
  present
• matrix location
  outer mantle layer {apart from tip}
or    outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip}
or    middle mantle layer
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• mantle type
  ring-like arrangement of hyphal bundles (type A)
• matrix kind
  gelatinous
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
  as thick as walls
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell shape
  cylindric, not constricted at septa
and    irregularly inflated or even beaded
• cell pigment location-colour
  plasmatically yellowish
and    epimembranaceously brownish
• cell contents presence-kind
  absent
• cell diameter
4.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
10 µm    Maximum value
• cell length
5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
40 µm    Maximum value
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm    Maximum value
• cell wall surface habit
  with scar-like structures
and    with many crystals
• crystals length
5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• drops of exuded pigment presence
  present
Anatomy of the middle mantle layer
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
  not gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
  plectenchymatous, ring-like
• cell pigment location-colour
  colourless
• cell diameter
5 µm    Minimum value
15 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
  absent
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm    Mean (= average)
1 µm    Maximum value
• cell wall surface habit
  smooth
or    rough
• crystals length
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomy of the inner mantle layer
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
  star-like
or    ring-like
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell pigment location-colour
  absent
• cell diameter
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
20 µm    Maximum value
• cell length
7.5 µm    Minimum value
15 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
50 µm    Maximum value
• cell contents presence-kind
  absent
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
  plectenchymatous
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} matrix kind
  gelatinous
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section
• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
15 µm    Minimum value
20 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip}
15 µm    Minimum value
20 µm    Mean (= average)
30 µm    Maximum value
• mantle different layers presence
  discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
5 µm    Minimum value
10 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
3 µm    Minimum value
4 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
7 µm    Maximum value
• inner mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
5 µm    Minimum value
10 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
40 µm    Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm    Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section
• presence
  present
• rows number
0     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• shape
  tangentially-oval, -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis
• tangentially length
30 µm    Minimum value
40 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
95 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
105 µm    Maximum value
• radially diameter
5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
17 µm    Maximum value
• mean tangenial length TCt
74.4 µm    Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
7.9     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
23 µm    Minimum value
45 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
105 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
125 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
13 µm    Minimum value
45 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
105 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
125 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
73.5 µm    Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
2.6     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section
• presence
  present
• kind
  protruding towards endodermis
• structure {in plan view}
  of palmetti type
• lobes width
1.5 µm    Minimum value
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section
• mantle different layers presence
  discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section
• presence
  present
• shape
  tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• tangentially length
14 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
34 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• radially diameter
7 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
19 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mean tangential length TCt
22.6 µm    Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
2.1     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  round
or    tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
18 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
58 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
73 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
16 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
44 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
52 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
32.6 µm    Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
1.1     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section
• presence
  present
• kind
  protruding towards endodermis
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells shape
  roundish
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells thickness
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around tannin cells number
  one
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  roundish
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
  one
Anatomy of the emanating elements in general
• intrahyphal hyphae presence
  absent
• anastomoses type
  open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking
• anastomoses cell wall thickness {relative to remaining cell walls}
  as thick as
• anastomoses location
  not specified
Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)
• type
  thin-walled, slightly tapering, often rather similar to ends of normal hyphae, but mostly originating from a pseudoparenchyma (type O)
• ramification presence-position
  absent
• septa presence
  present
• septa kind
  simple
• diameter {proximal}
3 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter {distal}
2.5 µm    Mean (= average)
3 µm    Maximum value
• length
36 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
41 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall colour
  absent
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm    Mean (= average)
• cell wall thickness {relative to mantle cells}
  thinner
• cell wall evenness
  even in thickness
• surface habit
  smooth
or    with soil particles

Anatomy of emanating hyphae
• shape
  not striking
• cell pigment location-colour
  plasmatically yellowish
• pigment presence-distribution
  only distal
• drops of exuded pigment presence
  present


Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae
• clamps presence
  absent


Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape
  even
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape {at distal end}
  simple
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2 µm    Minimum value
2.5 µm    Mean (= average)
3 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
  smooth
or    with crystals
or    without lens-shaped appositions
or    without spindle-shaped appositions
or    with soil particles
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.5 µm    Mean (= average)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness at tip {relative to remaining cell wall}
  thinner
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall {apart from tip} evenness
  even in thickness

Anatomy of the crystals occouring in emanating hyphae
• presence shape
  irregularly shaped, amorphous
or    octahedral
• orientation
  irregularly

Anatomy of rhizomorphs
• type
  highly differentiated; thick hyphae forming mostly a core, septa often partially or completely dissolved
(type F)
• nodia presence
  present
• internal nodia presence
  absent
• gelatinous matrix presence
  absent
• gelatinized hyphae presence
  absent
• cup-like structures on surface presence
  absent
• conical young side-branches presence
  absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
  absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs
• contents presence-kind
  absent
• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
Anatomy of chlamydospores
• presence
  absent
Anatomy of haustoria
• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
  absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
  present
• {of foreign origin} frequency
  consistently present
• shape
  as normal hyphae
Anatomy of nuclei
• number {per cell}
2     Mean (= average)
• shape
  round
or    oval
• diameter
1 µm    Mean (= average)
• length
1 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
Anatomy of siderophilous granulations
• presence
  absent

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
  absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
  absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
  present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
  present
• mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
  present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
  absent
• reaction with anilin presence
  present
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
  present
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
  present
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
  absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
  present
• reaction with formol 40% presence
  absent
• reaction with guaiac presence
  absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
  absent
• reaction with lactic acid presence
  absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
  amyloid
• amyloidity or dextrinoidity location
  all hyphae
• amyloidity haustoria presence
  present
• reaction with phenole presence
  absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
  absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
  absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
  absent

Ecology

• soil pH
  pH 3 - 4
• geographic occurrence continent
  North America

Tree

• plant family
  Pinaceae
• plant genus
  Tsuga
• plant habitat kind
  forests, woods

Fungus

• family
  Rhizopogonaceae
• fruitbodies growth habit
  hypogeous
or    gastroid

DNA-Analysis

• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bands number
2     Mean (= average)
• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bp of 1. band from below number
195     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
200     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme Alu bp of 2. band from below number
330     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
340     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme HinfI bands number
2     Mean (= average)
• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme HinfI bp of 1. band from below number
140     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
145     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• PCR- ITS1, -ITS4 restriction enzyme HinfI bp of 2. band from below number
170     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
175     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Remarks

• public notes
  Inner mantle layers in plan view in the plectenchymatous nests hyphae 3-6 um in diam. and 5-15(-20) um long; cystidia plasmatically coloured; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter with outer two thirds to four fifths of mantle disctinctly blue, remaining parts greenish blue, with blue-filter distinctly green, with green-filter red; mantle in Melzer's reagent with amyloid granular cellular contents and with amyloid exuded drops, in FeSO4 pigment drops becoming slightly greyish-brown, in brillant-cresyl-blue walls slightly blue-green, in cotton-blue walls slightly blue, in anilin walls slightly reddish.

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