Hydnum rufescens Fr. + Picea

Literature

Agerer R, Kraigher H, Javornik B (1996) Identification of ectomycorrhizae of Hydnum rufescens on Norway spruce and the variability of the ITS region of Hydnum rufescens and H. repandun (Basidiomycetes). Nova Hedwigia 63: 183-194.
Kraigher H, Agerer R (1996) Hydnum rufescenc. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 92, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.
Raidl S, Agerer R (1992) Studien an Ektomykorrhizen XLII. Ontogenie der Rhizomorphen von Laccaria amethystina, Hydnum rufescens und Sarcodon imbricatum. Nova Hedwigia 55(3-4): 297-307.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• abundance
	abundant, dense
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	abundant
• exploration type
	medium distance fringe

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	bent
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.6 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	white
• very tip colour
	whitish
• older parts colour
	grey
or	white
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	covered with soil particles
or	not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
	loosely woolly
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	infrequent
• emanating hyphae distribution
	concentrated distally

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.24 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	concolourous to mantle
• ramification kind-frequency
	repeatedly into smaller filaments
or	infrequently, at restricted points
• connection to mantle kind
	oblique
• origin location
	not specific
or	proximal
• margin habit
	smooth
or	hairy
or	densely enveloped by hyphae
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• mantle type
	hyphae rather irregularly arranged and no special pattern discernible (type B)
• hyphal system kind
	undifferentiated
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	as thick as walls
• cell shape
	cylindric, constricted at septa
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell contents presence-kind
	oily droplets, which do not stain in sulpho-vanillin
• cell diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
and	rough
and	with few crystals
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	present

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• hyphae arrangement
	plectenchymatous, without pattern
or	plectenchymatous, ring-like
• cell pigment location-colour
	colourless
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Maximum value
• cell contents presence-kind
	oily droplets, which do not stain in sulpho-vanillin
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous with pseudoparenchymatous nests of cells
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Maximum value
• cell length
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	plectenchymatous
or	pseudoparenchymatous
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
2.4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
15 µm	Minimum value
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
50 µm	Maximum value
• mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip}
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
60 µm	Maximum value
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3.5 µm	Minimum value
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
70 µm	Maximum value
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
4 µm	Minimum value
9 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
22 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
38 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
18 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
35 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	present
• rows number
1	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• shape
	tangentially-oval, -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis
• tangentially length
25 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
75 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
100 µm	Maximum value
• radially diameter
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
25 µm	Maximum value
• mean tangenial length TCt
52.6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
56.9 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
6.5	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
7.3	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
15 µm	Minimum value
28 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
80 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
108 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
9 µm	Minimum value
13 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
56.1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
63.8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
2.7	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• structure {in plan view}
	of palmetti type
• lobes width
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
75 µm	Maximum value
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
15 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
1 µm	Minimum value
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	present
• rows number
1	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• shape
	tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• tangentially length
16 µm	Minimum value
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
50 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
60 µm	Maximum value
• radially diameter
4 µm	Minimum value
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
11 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Maximum value
• mean tangential length TCt
23.8 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
37.6 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
2.9	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.1	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	round
or	tangentially-oval to tangentially-elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
9 µm	Minimum value
20 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
8 µm	Minimum value
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
38 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
45 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt
23.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
28.9 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
1.4	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells shape
	roundish
or	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around tannin cells thickness
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around tannin cells number
	one
or	two
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	cylindrical
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
1 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one
or	two

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• intrahyphal hyphae presence
	absent
• septal pores configuration
	dolipore-like structures
• backwards-oriented ramifications presence
	present
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
	present
• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking
or	closed by a clamp, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking (contact-clamp)

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• shape
	not striking
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the ramification of emanating hyphae

• distance {from septum}
	adjacent to septum
• side-branches at septum number
	one side-branch at septum

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	present
• clamps outline {in lateral view}
	less than a semicircle
or	not constricted at contact point to subtending hyphal cell
• clamps width {relative to hypha in lateral view}
	thinner than
• clamps hole presence
	absent
• clamps blister-like structure {at basis} presence
	absent

Anatomy of secondary septa of emanating hyphae

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape
	slightly constricted
or	even
or	inflated, ampullate, trumpet-like at one side
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
1.5 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	smooth
or	rough of warts
or	without lens-shaped appositions
or	without spindle-shaped appositions
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; hyphae rather loosely woven and of uniform diameter (type A)
or	slightly differentiated; central hyphae somewhat enlarged (type C)
• nodia presence
	absent
• internal nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• conical young side-branches presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	present

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• contents presence-kind
	absent
• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	present
• ampullate inflations thickness
4.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate inflations thickness
4.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate inflations thickness
4.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate inflations thickness
4.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate inflations thickness
4.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• distance {between each other}
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with anilin presence
	present
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	present
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	present
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with formol 40% presence
	present
• reaction with guaiac presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	present
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	absent

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Pinaceae
• plant genus
	Picea
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Hydnaceae
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-hydnoid

Remarks

• public notes
	Outer mantle layer hyphae inflated at clamps; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter slightly yellow; mantle in KOH pinkish peach-orange, in brillant-cresyl-blue walls slightly blue, in formol rhizomorphs greyish, in cotton-blue walls slightly blue, in anilin walls slightly lilac; DNA with strain-specific differences after application of PCR-ITS1, -ITS4.

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