Lactarius pallidus Pers. : Fr. + Fagus

Literature

• references
	Brand F (1990) Ektomykorrhizen an Fagus sylvatica. Charakterisierung und Identifizierung, ökologische Kennzeichnung und unsterile Kultivierung. Libri Botanici 2: 1-229. Brand F (1991) Lactarius pallidus. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 59, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pinnate
or	monopodial-pyramidal
• tips {per 10 mm} number
4	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
16	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
24	Maximum value
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• main axis diameter
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.35 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	infrequent

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	bent
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.7 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.25 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.3 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	brown
• very tip colour
	brown
or	brownish
or	reddish
• older parts colour
	brown
or	red
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle laticifers visibility
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} presence
	present
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} colour-habit
	white, remaining white after some minutes
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	shiny
or	smooth
or	covered with soil particles
• emanating hyphae presence
	absent

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.03 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cross-section shape
	round or roundish
• colour
	whitish
• connection to mantle kind
	distinct
• origin location
	not specific
• margin habit
	smooth
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent
or	present
• location
	middle mantle layer
or	rhizomorphs
• shape
	straight and even
or	worm-like, uneven
• ramification presence-abundance
	abundant
• cell diameter
	Minimum value
4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomical features of the mantle

• matrix presence
	present
• matrix location
	outer mantle layer {apart from tip}
or	outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip}
or	middle mantle layer
or	inner mantle layer

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• organisation {if pseudoparenchymatous} cell shape
	epidermoid, puzzle-like, jig-saw-shaped
• mantle type
	epidermoid cells bearing a hyphal net (type Q)
• hyphal net cells shape
	with roundish lobes
• hyphal net cell walls habit
	faint, delicate, inconspicuous, rather thin
• matrix kind
	not gelatinous
• pores between cells presence
	absent
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	thinner than walls
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
and	membranaceously yellowish
• cell wall thickness
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• cell wall projections presence
	absent
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
	not gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
	plectenchymatous, without pattern
• cell pigment location-colour
	colourless
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell wall thickness
0.2 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
	not gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
	without pattern
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	like other parts of mantle
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} matrix kind
	not gelatinous
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} hyphae diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
25 µm	Minimum value
30 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
50 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	radially-oval to -elliptic, oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
9 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
17 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
25 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
42 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
0.25	Minimum value
0.4	Mean (= average)
0.6	Maximum value

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
or	beaded
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	pseudoparenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	round
or	radially-oval to -elliptic
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
21 µm	Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
11 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
25 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq
0.6	Minimum value
0.8	Mean (= average)
1.2	Maximum value

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
• anatomy mantle cross-section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells thickness
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• lobes width
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• structure {in plan view}
	of palmetti type

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• septal pores configuration
	dolipore-like structures
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
	absent
• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	undifferentiated; margins rather smooth; hyphae compactly arranged and of uniform diameter (type B)
• nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinous matrix presence
	present
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• cup-like structures on surface presence
	absent
• conical young side-branches presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent

Anatomy of nuclei

• number {per cell}
2	Mean (= average)
• shape
	round
• diameter
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with anilin presence
	absent
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	present
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	absent
• reaction with formol 40% presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	absent
• reaction with lactic acid presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	absent
• reaction with sudan III presence
	present
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	present

Ecology

• substrate
	in organically enriched mineral horizon
• geographic occurrence continent
	Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Fagaceae
• plant genus
	Fagus
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	Lactarius sect. Lactarius
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes

Mycorrhizal systems irregularly monopodial-pinnate to monopodial-pyramidal; mycorrhizal ends covered with soil particles in some patches, only in compact systems slightly bent, light brown and often with honey-brown patches, very tips sometimes lighter coloured than other parts, sometimes reddish brown, older parts darker reddish brown; laticifers with very infrequent septa; in longitudinal section Hartig net 1-2 cortical cell layers deep, in cross-section 1-3; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter distinctly 2-layered with outer layer yellow to whitish orange and inner layer slightly bluish to creme-white; mantle in sulfo-vanillin with slightly bluish violet latex in laticifers, in cotton-blue mantle cell walls blue, in Sudan III latex reddish; nuclei lying close together; mycorrhizae frequently in humus or litter.

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