Russula fuegiana Singer + Nothofagus

Literature

Palfner G, Godoy R (1996) Russula fuegiana Singer + Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser. Descr Ectomyc 1:131-136.
Palfner G, Godoy R (1996) Russula fuegiana. In Agerer R (ed) Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae, plate 106, Einhorn-Verlag, Schwäbisch Gmünd.
Palfner G (2001) Taxonomische Studien an Ektomykorrhizen aus den Nothofagus-Wäldern Mittelsüdchiles. Bibliotheca Mycologica Vol. 190, Cramer, Berlin Stuttgart.
Beenken L (2004) Die Gattung Russula. Untersuchungen zu ihrer Systematik anhand von Ektomykorrhizen. Dissertation, Universität München. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00003175/01/Beenken_Ludwig.pdf

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
1 mm	Minimum value
2 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
8 mm	Maximum value
• ramification presence-type
	monopodial-pinnate
or	monopodial-pyramidal
• ramification orders
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• main axis diameter
0.2 mm	Minimum value
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.4 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm	Maximum value
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	infrequent

Morphology of the unramified ends

• shape
	straight
or	bent
• shape {of distal end}
	not inflated, cylindric
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
3 mm	Maximum value
• diameter
0.2 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.25 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.3 mm	Maximum value
• colour
	brown
or	ochre, yellowish brown
• very tip colour
	ochre, yellowish brown
• older parts colour
	dark brown
or	brown
or	red
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
	densely grainy or warty
or	densely short-spiny
• emanating hyphae presence
	absent

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.07 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cross-section shape
	cushion-shaped (semicircular)
• colour
	ochre, yellowish brown
• ramification kind-frequency
	infrequently, at restricted points
• connection to mantle kind
	distinct
• origin location
	proximal
• connection to substrate
	almost consistently growing along roots
• margin habit
	smooth
• dimorphism presence
	absent

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
or	cystidia
• emanating elements cystidia location
	on outer mantle layer
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

• matrix presence
	present
• matrix location
	outer mantle layer {apart from tip}
or	middle mantle layer
or	inner mantle layer

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• mantle type
	gelatinous matrix between the hyphae (type C)
and	hyphae arranged net-like, with prominent cystidia (type D)
• matrix kind
	gelatinous
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	as thick as walls
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell shape
	cylindric, constricted at septa
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Maximum value
• cell length
5 µm	Minimum value
9 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
23 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
32 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm	Mean (= average)
1 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
	gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
	plectenchymatous, without pattern
• cell pigment location-colour
	colourless
• cell diameter
1.8 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value
• cell length
7 µm	Minimum value
10 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
27 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
34 µm	Maximum value
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous with pseudoparenchymatous nests of cells
• matrix kind
	not gelatinous
• hyphae arrangement
	ring-like
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
• cell diameter
1.8 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6.5 µm	Maximum value
• cell length
4.5 µm	Minimum value
8 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
54 µm	Maximum value
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
11 µm	Minimum value
13 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle different layers presence
	discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
1.8 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
16 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
19 µm	Maximum value
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1.3 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
1.8 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
18 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
23 µm	Maximum value
• middle mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1.8 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
1.8 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
14 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
20 µm	Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
1.8 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6.5 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section

• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	tangentially-oval to -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented obliquely
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
11 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
23 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
45 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
68 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section

• presence
	present
• kind
	paraepidermal
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical (epidermal) cells shape
	roundish
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness
1.8 µm	Minimum value
2.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm	Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
	one
• structure {in plan view}
	of palmetti type
• lobes width
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

• mantle different layers presence
	discernible
• outer mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• middle mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer organisation
	plectenchymatous

Anatomy of the tannin cells in cross-section

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cortical cells in cross-section

• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
15 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
25 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle cross-section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
13 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
54 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in cross-section

• presence
	present
• kind
	apparently two rows deep

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• intrahyphal hyphae presence
	absent
• septal pores configuration
	globular thickenings
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)

• type
	flask-shaped with an apical knob (type D)
• apical knobs number
	Minimum value
0	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
2	Maximum value
• apical knobs arrangement
	solitary, not in chains
or	asymmetrically
or	serially in a bunch of two
• apical knobs shape
	ovoid
• apical knobs diameter
0.9 µm	Minimum value
1.4 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
2.7 µm	Maximum value
• apical knobs length
1.8 µm	Minimum value
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm	Maximum value
• apical knobs wall thickness
	unknown
• apical knobs cell wall thickness {relative to cystidial body}
	as thick as those of cystidial body
• septa presence
	absent
• septa kind
	absent, with basal clamp only
• diameter {proximal}
3 µm	Minimum value
3.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Maximum value
• length
16 µm	Minimum value
22 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
42 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
52 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall colour
	absent
• cell wall colour {relative to mantle cells}
	similar
• cell wall thickness
0.5 µm	Mean (= average)
1 µm	Maximum value
• cell wall evenness
	even in thickness
• surface habit
	smooth
• contents presence
	present
• contents type
	brownish, with latex-like droplets

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	highly differentiated; thick hyphae forming mostly a core, septa often partially or completely dissolved (type F)
• nodia presence
	absent
• internal nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinous matrix presence
	present
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• hyphae distinctly different diameter
	absent
• cup-like structures on surface presence
	absent
• conical young side-branches presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• contents presence-kind
	unknown
• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
6 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
12 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Anatomy of haustoria

• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
	absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
	absent

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
	absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
	absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
	present
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
	absent
• mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
	absent

Chemical reactions

• reaction with acid fuchsin presence
	absent
• reaction with anilin presence
	absent
• reaction with brillant-cresyl-blue presence
	absent
• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	absent
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
	absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
	present
• reaction with formol 40% presence
	absent
• reaction with guaiac presence
	absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	present
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole presence
	absent
• reaction with phenole-aniline presence
	absent
• reaction with ruthenium-red presence
	absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
	present

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	South America
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Fagaceae
• plant genus
	Nothofagus
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	unknown [sect. Plorantes]
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

Remarks

• public notes

Mycorrhizal ends slightly bent, redbrown; rhizomorphs originating in middle to proximal parts; cystidia with one basal septum; autofluorescence of mantle in section with UV-filter showing greenish yellow cell walls of middle mantle layers; mantle in suflo-vanillin at first pinkish red, turning to violet to finally dark-red and latex bearing hyphae and cystidia without distinct staining, in KOH slightly yellowish, in FeSO4 slightly greyish green.

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