Russula aucarum Singer + Nyctaginaceae

Literature

• references
	Beenken L (2004) Die Gattung Russula. Untersuchungen zu ihrer Systematik anhand von Ektomykorrhizen. Dissertation, Universität München. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00003175/01/Beenken_Ludwig.pdf

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system

• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
	absent
• tips {per 10 mm} number
	not applicable
• ramification index
	not applicable
• ramification orders
0	Mean (= average)
• abundance
	unknown
• main axis diameter
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• taste {after 2-3 min chewing}
	unknown
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
	absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
	absent
• rhizomorphs presence
	present
• rhizomorphs frequency
	infrequent
• exploration type
	medium distance smooth

Morphology of the unramified ends

• mantle hydrophobicity presence
	present
• shape
	straight
or	bent
or	sinuous [slightly]
• shape {of distal end}
	tapering [slightly]
• length
0 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
	brownish [white to light brown]
or	white [white to light brown]
• very tip colour
	white
or	whitish
• after injury colour
	unknown
• older parts colour
	unknown
• mantle cortical cells visibility
	not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
	present
• mantle transparency
	unknown
• mantle laticifers visibility
	absent
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} presence
	absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
	absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
	absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
	silvery
or	covered with soil particles
or	not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
	densely short-spiny
• emanating hyphae presence
	present
• emanating hyphae abundance
	infrequent
• emanating hyphae distribution
	unknown

Morphology of rhizomorphs

• diameter
0.3 mm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.4 mm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cross-section shape
	cushion-shaped (semicircular)
• colour
	brownish [white to light brownish]
or	white [white to light brownish]
• after injury colour
	unknown
• ramification kind-frequency
	infrequently, at restricted points
• connection to mantle kind
	distinct
• origin location
	proximal
• connection to substrate
	almost consistently growing along roots
• margin habit
	spiny
• dimorphism presence
	unknown

Morphology of sclerotia

• presence
	absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza

• emanating elements presence-type
	rhizomorphs
or	emanating hyphae
or	cystidia
• emanating elements cystidia location
	on outer mantle layer
or	on rhizomorphs
• crystals presence
	absent
• blue granules presence
	absent

Anatomy of laticifers

• presence
	absent
• anatomy entire mycorrhiza laticiferous solitary (gloeoplerous) cells presence
	absent

Anatomical features of the mantle

• completeness
	complete
• matrix presence
	present
• matrix location
	outer mantle layer {apart from tip}

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip

• organisation
	plectenchymatous
• mantle type
	hyphae arranged net-like, with prominent cystidia (type D)
• matrix kind
	gelatinous [weakly]
• hyphae short protrusions presence
	present
• hyphae sticky matrix on hyphal surface presence
	unknown
• hyphae hyphal junctions angle {between}
	ca. 45° and less
and	ca. 90°
and	ca. 120°
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
	unknown
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell shape
	cylindric, not constricted at septa
and	cylindric, constricted at septa
• cell pigment location-colour
	absent
and	membranaceously yellowish
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
50 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.3 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent
• roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• pigment granula on surface presence
	absent

Anatomy of the middle mantle layer

• presence
	present
• organisation
	plectenchymatous [almost pseudoparenchymatous]
or	pseudoparenchymatous [almost pseudoparenchymatous]
• matrix kind
	not applicable
• hyphae arrangement
	plectenchymatous, without pattern
• cell shape
	polygonal
• incomplete septa presence
	unknown
• cell pigment location-colour
	unknown
• cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell density
	not applicable
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent
• cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.3 µm	Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
	smooth

Anatomy of the inner mantle layer

• organisation
	plectenchymatous [densely]
• matrix kind
	not applicable
• hyphae arrangement
	with nests of pseudoparenchymatous cells
• cell shape
	polygonal
• hyphae vessel-like presence
	absent
• septa thickness
	unknown
• septa clamps presence
	absent
• cell pigment location-colour
	unknown
• cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Maximum value
• cell length
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
100 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
	absent

Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip

• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
	like other parts of mantle

Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section

Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section

Anatomy of the emanating elements in general

• anastomoses type
	open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking

Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)

• type
	flask-shaped with an apical knob (type D)
• apical knobs number
1	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
1	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2	Maximum value
• apical knobs arrangement
	solitary, not in chains
or	asymmetrically
or	serially in a bunch of two
• apical knobs shape
	globose
or	ovoid
• apical knobs diameter
1 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• apical knobs length
1.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
7 µm	Maximum value
• apical knobs wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• apical knobs cell wall thickness {relative to cystidial body}
	as thick as those of cystidial body
or	thicker than those of cystidial body
• septa presence
	absent
• foot cell presence
	absent
• diameter {proximal}
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter {distal}
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
0 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
100 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall colour
	absent
• cell wall colour {relative to mantle cells}
	unknown
• cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• surface habit
	smooth
• contents presence
	present
• contents type
	finely granular

Anatomy of cystidia (type 2)

• type
	awl-shaped, bristle-like (type A)
or	normal hypha but often twisted like a cork-screw (type L) [not twisted]
• ramification presence-position
	absent
• septa presence
	unknown
• septa kind
	unknown
• septa distance
	unknown
• septa number
	unknown
• basal clamp walls abruptly thick
	absent
• foot cell presence
	absent
• diameter {proximal}
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter {distal}
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
0 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
100 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall colour
	absent
• cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
1 µm	Maximum value
• surface habit
	smooth
• contents presence
	unknown
• contents type
	unknown

Anatomy of emanating hyphae

• drops of exuded pigment presence
	absent

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae

• clamps presence
	absent

Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae

• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell shape {at distal end}
	simple
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
	smooth
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.3 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of rhizomorphs

• type
	highly differentiated; thick hyphae forming mostly a core, septa often partially or completely dissolved (type F)
• nodia presence
	absent
• internal nodia presence
	absent
• gelatinous matrix presence
	present
• gelatinized hyphae presence
	absent
• hyphae distinctly different diameter
	absent
• cup-like structures on surface presence
	absent
• conical young side-branches presence
	absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
	absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• contents presence-kind
	unknown
• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs

• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
	unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
	absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
	present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
10 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
0.5 µm	Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.5 µm	Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of chlamydospores

• presence
	absent

Chemical reactions

• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
	present [cell walls blue]
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
	absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
	absent

Ecology

• geographic occurrence continent
	South America
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
	unknown

Tree

• plant family
	Nyctaginaceae
• plant genus
	unknown
• plant habitat kind
	forests, woods

Fungus

• family
	Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
	Russula sect. Dolicoarchaeae
• fruitbodies growth habit
	epigeous
or	pileate-lamellate

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