Russula nigricans Fr. + Pinus

– Item listing –

Literature

• references
  Mleczko P (2004) Russula nigricans Fr. + Pinus sylvestris L. Descr Ectomyc 7/8: 117-125.

Morphology

Morphology of the mycorrhizal system
• length
0 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• ramification presence-type
  dichotomous
or    coralloid
• tips {per 10 mm} number
  unknown
• ramification orders
  unknown
• abundance
  unknown
• main axis diameter
  unknown
• taste {after 2-3 min chewing}
  unknown
• rhizomorphs as stout, short, conical structures presence-abundance
  absent
• rhizomorphs as short mycorrhiza-like outgrowths with blunt tips presence
  absent
• rhizomorphs presence
  present
• rhizomorphs frequency
  infrequent
• exploration type
  medium distance smooth
Morphology of the unramified ends
• mantle hydrophobicity presence
  present [at some places]
• shape
  straight
• shape {of distal end}
  not inflated, cylindric
• length
0.2 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.6 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter
0.5 mm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.6 mm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• colour
  ochre, yellowish brown [light]
or    yellowish
• very tip colour
  ochre, yellowish brown [light]
or    yellowish
• after injury colour
  unknown
• older parts colour
  brown
or    ochre, yellowish brown
• mantle cortical cells visibility
  not visible
• mantle {distinct} surface visibility
  present
• mantle transparency
  not transparent
• mantle laticifers visibility
  absent
• mantle secreted latex {after scratching mantle} presence
  absent
• mantle dots presence-colour
  absent
• mantle carbonizing presence
  absent
• mantle surface {in general} habit
  not smooth
• mantle surface {in detail} kind
  densely short-spiny
• emanating hyphae presence
  present
• emanating hyphae abundance
  infrequent
• emanating hyphae distribution
  unknown
Morphology of rhizomorphs
• diameter
  unknown
• cross-section shape
  cushion-shaped (semicircular)
• colour
  ochre, yellowish brown
• after injury colour
  unknown
• ramification kind-frequency
  unknown
• connection to mantle kind
  unknown
• origin location
  unknown
• connection to substrate
  almost consistently growing along roots
• margin habit
  spiny
or    hairy
• dimorphism presence
  unknown
Morphology of sclerotia
• presence
  absent

Anatomy

Anatomical features of the entire mycorrhiza
• emanating elements presence-type
  rhizomorphs
or    emanating hyphae
or    cystidia
• emanating elements cystidia location
  on outer mantle layer
or    on rhizomorphs
• crystals presence
  absent
• blue granules presence
  absent
Anatomy of laticifers
• presence
  absent
• anatomy entire mycorrhiza laticiferous solitary (gloeoplerous) cells presence
  absent
Anatomical features of the mantle
• completeness
  complete
• matrix presence
  present
• matrix location
  outer mantle layer {apart from tip}
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer apart from the ectormycorrhizal tip
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• mantle type
  hyphae arranged net-like, with prominent cystidia (type D)
• clavate end cell cover presence
  absent
• matrix kind
  gelatinous
• hyphae short protrusions presence
  absent
• hyphae sticky matrix on hyphal surface presence
  unknown
• hyphae hyphal junctions angle {between}
  unknown
• septa thickness {relative to cell walls}
  as thick as walls
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell shape
  cylindric, not constricted at septa
• cell pigment location-colour
  absent
and    membranaceously yellowish
• cell contents presence-kind
  absent
• cell diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell length
5 µm    Minimum value
10 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
85 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness
0.1 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.1 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.1 µm    Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
  smooth
• drops of exuded pigment presence
  absent
• roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
  absent
• pigment granula on surface presence
  absent
Anatomy of the middle mantle layer
• presence
  present
• organisation
  plectenchymatous [loosely]
• matrix kind
  unknown
• hyphae arrangement
  plectenchymatous, without pattern
• cell pigment location-colour
  colourless
or    membranaceously yellowish
• cell diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Maximum value
• cell length
3 µm    Minimum value
5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
  absent
• cell wall thickness
0.1 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
0.1 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.1 µm    Mean (= average)
• cell wall surface habit
  smooth
Anatomy of the inner mantle layer
• organisation
  plectenchymatous
• matrix kind
  unknown
• hyphae arrangement
  without pattern
• hyphae vessel-like presence
  absent
• septa thickness
  unknown
• septa clamps presence
  absent
• cell pigment location-colour
  absent
or    membranaceously yellowish
• cell diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
9 µm    Maximum value
• cell length
10 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
30 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell contents presence-kind
  absent
Anatomy of the outer mantle layer of the ectormycorrhizal tip
• anatomy mantle outer mantle layer {of ectomycorrhizal tip} organisation
  like other parts of mantle
Anatomy of the mantle in longitudinal section
• mantle thickness {apart from tip}
22 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
32 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mantle thickness {at ectomycorrhizal tip}
40 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
40 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
40 µm    Mean (= average)
• calyptra cell remnants presence
  unknown
• calyptra cell remnants type
  unknown
• mantle different layers presence
  discernable
• outer mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• outer mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• middle mantle layer presence
  absent
• inner mantle layer organisation
  plectenchymatous
• inner mantle layer hyphae tangentially length
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
13 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
17 µm    Maximum value
• inner mantle layer hyphae radially diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
4 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)

Anatomy of the tannin cells in longitudinal section
• presence
  present
• rows number
  unknown
• shape
  tangentially-oval, -elliptic or -cylindrical, and oriented in parallel to root axis [trapezoid]
• tangentially length
16 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
47.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• radially diameter
8.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
27 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• mean tangenial length TCt
30 µm    Mean (= average)
• mean shape-ratio TCq
1.9     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the cortical cells in longitudinal section
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells shape
  rectangular
or    round
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells tangentially length
12.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
36.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
41 µm    Maximum value
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells radially diameter
24.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
49 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean tangential length CCt (ECt)
23 µm    Mean (= average)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section cortical (epidermal) cells mean shape-ratio CCq (ECq)
0.7     Mean (= average)

Anatomy of the Hartig net in longitudinal section
• presence
  present
• kind
  in two rows, not reaching endodermis
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around tannin cells thickness
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
8.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around tannin cells number
  one
or    two
or    three
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal cells around cortical cells (epidermal) thickness
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy mantle longitudinal section hyphal rows around cortical (epidermal) cells number
  one
• structure {in plan view}
  of palmetti type
• lobes width
1 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
2.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• lobes septa presence
  unknown
Anatomy of the mantle in cross-section



Anatomy of the emanating elements in general
• intrahyphal hyphae presence
  unknown
• intrahyphal hyphae clamps presence
  absent
• septal pores configuration
  unknown
• backwards-oriented ramifications presence
  unknown
• backwards-oriented clamps presence
  absent
• anastomoses type
  open, with a short bridge or bridge almost lacking
Anatomy of cystidia

Anatomy of cystidia (type 1)
• type
  flask-shaped with an apical knob (type D)
• apical knobs number
1     Minimum value
2     Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3     Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• apical knobs arrangement
  solitary, not in chains
or    asymmetrically
or    serially in a bunch of two
or    serially in a bunch of three
• apical knobs shape
  ovoid
• apical knobs diameter
  unknown
• apical knobs length
  unknown
• apical knobs wall thickness
0.7 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
1.2 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• apical knobs cell wall thickness {relative to cystidial body}
  thicker than those of cystidial body
• septa presence
  absent
• foot cell presence
  absent
• diameter {proximal}
3.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
6.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• diameter {distal}
2.5 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3.5 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• length
15 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
35 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall colour
  unknown
• cell wall colour {relative to mantle cells}
  unknown
• cell wall thickness
0.1 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.7 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• cell wall thickness {relative to mantle cells}
  thicker
• cell wall evenness
  unknown
• surface habit
  smooth
• contents presence
  present
• contents type
  of colourless oil droplets (=guttulae)

Anatomy of emanating hyphae
• shape
  wavy
• cell pigment location-colour
  unknown
• pigment presence-distribution
  unknown
• cell contents presence-kind
  absent
• drops of exuded pigment presence
  absent

Anatomy of the ramification of emanating hyphae
• presence
  present
• kind
  unknown
• distance {from septum}
  unknown
• side-branches at septum number
  unknown
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae point of ramification thickness {relative to main part of branch}
  thinner than main part of branch

Anatomy of the septa of emanating hyphae
• clamps presence
  absent


Anatomy of the cells of emanating hyphae
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell diameter
2 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
3 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall surface habit
  smooth
• anatomy emanating elements emanating hyphae cell wall thickness
0.6 µm    Mean (= average)
0.6 µm    Lower value of unspecified range (could be µ-s.d., but not known)
0.6 µm    Upper value of unspecified range (could be µ+s.d., but not known)


Anatomy of rhizomorphs
• type
  differentiated; thick hyphae forming a core, septa complete or sometimes enlarged
(type E)
• nodia presence
  absent
• internal nodia presence
  absent
• gelatinous matrix presence
  present
• gelatinized hyphae presence
  absent
• hyphae distinctly different diameter
  absent
• cup-like structures on surface presence
  absent
• conical young side-branches presence
  absent
• a "ball" of intertwined, ramified, thin hyphae presence
  absent

Anatomy of hyphae in rhizomorphs
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  absent
• contents presence-kind
  absent
• ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
• roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
  present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
  unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
  unknown
Anatomy of vessel-like or thickened hyphae in rhizomorphs
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
  present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
  unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
  unknown
Anatomy of central non-vessel-like hyphae in rhizomorphs
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
  present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
  unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
  unknown
Anatomy of peripheral hyphae in rhizomorphs
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
  present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
  unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
  unknown
Anatomy of solitary thick-walled hyphae in rhizomorphs
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs clamps presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae contents presence-kind
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae ampullate, trumpet-like inflated presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs hyphae roundish plasmatically yellow cells presence
  absent
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae presence
  present
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae diameter
  unknown
• anatomy emanating elements rhizomorphs ladder-like hyphae wall thickness
  unknown
Anatomy of chlamydospores
• presence
  absent
Anatomy of haustoria
• {of ectomycorrhiza former} presence
  absent
• {of foreign origin} presence
  absent

Autofluorescence

• whole mycorrhizae UV 254 nm colour-presence
  absent
• whole mycorrhizae UV 366 nm colour-presence
  absent
• mantle in section UV-filter 340-380 nm presence
  present [mantle blue; fluorescence of young hyphae and cystidia more intense]
• mantle in section blue-filter, 450-490 nm presence
  present [mantle yellow; fluorescence of young hyphae and cystidia more intense]
• mantle in section green-filter, 530-560 nm presence
  present [mantle red; fluorescence of young hyphae and cystidia more intense]

Chemical reactions

• reaction with cotton-blue-lactic-acid presence
  present [hyphal walls blue]
• reaction with ethanol 70% presence
  absent
• reaction with FeSO4 presence
  present [mantle greenish]
• reaction with guaiac presence
  absent
• reaction with KOH 10% presence
  absent [15%]
• reaction with lactic acid presence
  absent
• reaction with Melzer's reagent presence
  absent
• reaction with sulpho-vanillin presence
  absent
• reaction with toluidin blue presence
  present [hyphal walls blue]

Ecology

• soil pH
  pH 3 - 4
• geographic occurrence continent
  Europe
• knowledge about association with foreign fruitbodies presence
  unknown

Tree

• plant family
  Pinaceae
• plant genus
  Pinus
• plant subgenus-section
  two-needle-pines
• plant habitat kind
  forests, woods

Fungus

• family
  Russulaceae
• subgenus-section
  Russula sect. Compactae
• fruitbodies growth habit
  epigeous
or    pileate-lamellate

– Item listing –